Background: The term ‘Acute Abdomen’ denotes a medical condition marked by intense abdominal pain that emerges within a few hours. In determining the underlying cause of this condition, CT scans have proven to be more effective than clinical evaluation, basic laboratory tests, and inconclusive imaging examinations, regardless of the duration of signs and symptoms. This study aims to determine the significance of CT scans in diagnosing the origins of acute abdominal pain. Methods: A Toshiba Multi-slice CT scanner with 4 slices was utilized for all cases. Abdominal and pelvic images were captured in serial axial sections from the diaphragm to the lower border of the symphysis pubis. The collimation was set at 5 – 7 mm, and the pitch ranged from 1 to 1.5, depending on the required coverage length. Multi-planar reconstruction was conducted at intervals of 3-7 mm. The images were studied in both axial and coronal/sagittal reformatted views. Results: In this study, out of n=40 cases of non-traumatic acute abdomen existence of urinary pathologies followed by hepatobiliary pathologies. GI pathologies were in 25% of cases and pancreatic pathologies were in 12.5% of cases. Renal calculi were the cause of non-traumatic acute abdomen in 42.58% of cases followed by ureteric calculus in 35.71% and vesical calculus in 21.43% of cases. Conclusion: Proper diagnosis of acute abdomen is essential for effective management and reducing complications and mortality. While radiography is available, its use is mostly limited to cases of hollow-viscus perforation and intestinal obstruction. Ultrasound (USG) may be inconclusive in the presence of excessive bowel gas or abdominal fat, hindering the visualization of abdominal organs. Despite the slight increase in cost and the small risk of radiation, the prompt use of CT in investigating acute abdomen cases results in more accurate diagnoses and improves decision-making, ultimately leading to better patient outcomes.

Background: The inappropriate use of drugs is a global health problem, especially in developing country like India. Irrational prescriptions have an ill effect on health as well as health-care expenditure. Prescription auditing is an important tool to improve the quality of prescriptions, which in turn improves the quality of health care provided. The present study was conducted to investigate the rational use of drugs for completeness, legibility, and against the World Health Organization (WHO)-recommended core drug use indicators. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in inpatient department of tertiary care teaching hospital. A total of one hundred prescriptions were analysed from all clinical departments for general details, medical components and WHO core drug use indicators. Results & Conclusion: The prescribing practices in this study were good regarding mentioning of general details of patients and hospital, and satisfactory regarding handwriting legibility of physicians and average number of drugs prescribed per prescription.

Klebsiella associated infections is the emergence of multi-drug resistant strains particularly those involved in nosocomial diseases. Hence, this study has been designed to determine the isolation rate of Klebsiella pneumoniae, their antibiogram in various clinical samples in patients admitted in intensive care units of a tertiary care hospital. A total of 6274 clinical samples were processed during the study period. Out of which 185 (2.94%) Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were identified from various clinical samples during the study period. It was isolated highest in ET secretion samples (9.73%), followed by urine (2.18%), pus (1.34%) and blood (1.02%). Imipenem (58%) & Meropenem (58%) showed highest sensitivity followed by Amikacin (52%), Gentamicin (35%). Susceptibility to 3^rd generation cephalosporins and beta-lactum & betalactamase inhibitor combinations was 10%-20%. We noticed that Klebsiella pneumoniae resistant to a wider range of antibiotics. Both morbidity and mortality is increased when infection is caused by these drug resistant organisms.

Background & Rationale: Pharmacovigilance plays an essential role in the prevention of ADRs. Under-reporting of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) by Health care providers is a common problem. The study was undertaken to evaluate the knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) regarding ADR reporting among different healthcare providers. Objectives: (1) To assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of health care providers in pharmacovigilance and adverse drug reactions reporting. (2) To identify the reasons for underreporting of ADR. Materials & Methods: A Cross sectional study was conducted in a tertiary care centre by circulating a standardized e questionnaire among healthcare professionals. Results: Among the total 444 Health Care providers, 90% of the health Care providers were aware of the existence of ADR reporting system in India. 94% have no idea about Causality assessment and 90% don’t know about WHO online database for ADR reporting. 78% agreed that ADR reporting is necessary and 46% agreed that reporting ADR is a professional obligation. 92% have seen an ADR reporting form and 61% were trained in ADR reporting. 23% of responses attributed to Lack of time to report ADR as the most important reason for underreporting.18% think that single report may not affect ADR database. Fear of legal liability (11%) and unavailability of easy access to ADR forms (11%) were also quoted as reasons for under-reporting. 34% think that making ADR reporting mandatory is the way to improve ADR reporting. Conclusion: This study concluded that the health care providers have broader knowledge towards ADR reporting. The attitude towards ADR reporting showed positive trend towards ADR reporting. Further training and motivating them will improve ADR reporting.

Accessory Navicular bone is a normal variant in 12% of population. Majority of patients are asymptomatic. Symptomatic patients respond to conservative treatment well. But a little group of patients needed surgical correction. The main purpose of this study is to determine the Efficacy of Kidner’s Procedure. Twelve patients were taken up for the surgery who were followed up for a period of 6 months is discussed in this case series. Patients who undergo Kinder’s Procedure for Symptomatic Accessory Navicular bone had good results and improved in American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Score. It is a reliable procedure which can be safely done in those selective subjects.

Introduction: The pursuit of accurate individual identification methods has driven research in fields like forensic science, genetics, and medical diagnostics. Fingerprints, known for their unique and stable nature, have captivated attention alongside blood grouping in medical practices. Fingerprint patterns—loops, whorls, arches—offer distinct identities, while blood groups, ABO and Rh, impact transfusions and compatibility. This study explores potential correlations between these traits, aiming to deepen genetic understanding and applications in forensics and medicine, focusing on first-year MBBS students at NAMO Medical Education and Research Institute, Silvassa. Material and Methods: In this retrospective study, we explored the intriguing correlations among fingerprint patterns, blood grouping, and gender distribution in a cohort of 200 first-year MBBS students at NAMO Medical Education and Research Institute, Silvassa. Data on fingerprint patterns and blood groups were collected during the admission process, and statistical analysis was performed to explore potential correlations. Results: Our findings revealed a distinct prevalence of loop patterns (42.5%) as the most common fingerprint pattern among participants, with arch patterns (34.5%) and whorl patterns (23.0%) following suit. Notably, blood group A+ exhibited a preference for whorl patterns (42.55%), while loop patterns were prominent in blood group B+ (49.06%). Gender distribution closely mirrored blood group representation, underscoring potential genetic influences. These intriguing associations between fingerprint patterns, blood groups, and gender emphasize the complexity of genetic interactions and warrant further exploration. Conclusion: Our study unveils significant correlations between fingerprint patterns, blood groups, and gender distribution among first-year MBBS students. Loop patterns predominate, with distinct preferences observed in blood groups. These findings provide novel insights into genetic interactions with implications for forensics and medical diagnostics.

Introduction:  Dysfunctional uterine bleeding is one of the most commonly expressed complaints of women at reproductive age leads to anaemia and its complications. This study compares the efficacy and acceptability of tranexamic acid with mefenamic acid in treating DUB in order to show the most effective drug. Objectives: To determine if tranexamic acid and mefenamic acid can effectively and safely reduce menstrual blood loss & pain. Materials and Methods: 100 cases selected for the study who complained of regular long/ heavy menstrual bleeding more than 7 days or blood loss more than 80ml, who are at the age of 20-45 years. Drug Tranexamic acid 500mg QID were given to the patients who had mean menstrual blood loss of more than 80 ml based on assessment in the previous two menstrual cycles and dosage of mefenamic acid is 500 mg OD then 250 mg QID for 3 days. Results: The total study shows the affect of drugs on the amount of bleeding is 41.6% (P-value <0.05), there is significant reduction is seen in number of sanitary pad usage from 5.44 to 3.96 (P- value <0.05) and there is significant reduction in duration of bleeding. There are minimal gastrointestinal side effects, and there is 32% discontinuation of treatment in our study as patients are not satisfied and effective reduction in pain. Conclusion: Treatment with tranexamic acid and mefenamic acid could potentially improve the quality of life of women.

Background and Aim: A common side effect of laryngoscopy and nasotracheal intubation is hypertension and tachycardia, which are brought on by temporary sympatho-adrenal activation. In this work, we compared the experimental group to the control group to examine the effects of nebulized lidocaine on the haemodynamic stress responses during nasotracheal intubation. This study’s main goal was to compare the differences in mean arterial pressure between two groups following nasotracheal intubation. Material and Methods: The current prospective comparison study was carried out over the course of a year in a tertiary healthcare facility. The study comprised 120 patients scheduled for head and neck surgery who were classified as physiologic status Classes I–II by the American Society of Anaesthesiologists. 5 ml of ordinary saline were nebulized to Group A (the control group). Lidocaine 4% solution in 5ml was nebulized for Group B. Before and after nebulization, just before intubation, immediately after intubation, and at 3, 5, and 10 minutes after intubation, heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), and SpO2 were measured. Results: There was a substantial increase in both groups when SBP, DBP, MAP, and heart rate were compared to pre-intubation values, although the increase in the control group was greater than it was in the lidocaine group (p 0.05). After that, MAP, SBP, DBP, and HR all gradually fell until the study’s 10-minute end. Conclusion: Nebulized 4% inhalation given before to induction reduces the sympathetic activation and cardiovascular response brought on by nasotracheal intubation.

Background: In most of the countries including India, Pharmacovigilance (PvPI) system relies mainly on spontaneous (or voluntary) reporting which provide the highest volume of information at the lowest maintenance cost, It is flexible and very effective method of collecting information whereby health professionals voluntarily submit case reports of ADR. As there is under reporting of ADRs and very less research is conducted in this area especially in south India, this present study was carried out with an aim to detect, assess (establishing causality relationship using WHO Scale), reporting (Using Spontaneous reporting system) and documentation of various Adverse Drug Reactions that occur in our tertiary care teaching government hospital at Visakhapatnam. Methodology: The present study was carried out in the in-patient wards of General Medicine department of King George Hospital (KGH), a large tertiary care teaching hospital at Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India. The present study is a Prospective, Observational study done for a period of four months i.e., from 19-Dec-2017 to 16-Apr- 2018. A total of 103 Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) were identified and reported in 85 patients who met our study criteria and were enrolled into our study after obtaining the Informed consent. The present study was aimed to Identify, Assess, Report and document the suspected Adverse Drug Reactions using spontaneous reporting system. Results: In our study we have screened about 196 patients out of which 85 people developed ADRs and the causality assessment for each and every ADR was established using WHO probability scale. The details and all data pertaining to our study obtained using MS Excel 2010 work sheet. The most commonly identified reactions were drowsiness, tremor, myalgia and constipation out of 24 different reactions observed. Digestive system (35%) is the most effected organ system followed by integumentary (15%) and muscular (12%). The number of ADRs reported was higher in the age group 46-55. WHO assessment scale revealed that out of 103 ADRs (78.64%) were possibly drug related, (20.38%) probably drug related and( 0.97% )found to be certain. Conclusion: Health professionals have enough knowledge and awareness of the need to report ADR, but only smaller proportions report ADR. It depends on their knowledge, attitude and beliefs. Early identification and management of ADR is essential and special attention is to be taken in elderly patients, patients with comorbidities and poly pharmacy.

Background and Aim: The challenge of determining thickness at the beginning of growth is one of the major issues in studying change in endometrial thickness. In contrast to a stimulated IVF cycle, one follicle that naturally develops to dominance is the treatment focus in NC-IVF, which leads in the majority of instances with a single embryo being available for transfer. The aim of our study is to assess the effect of endometrial thickness and embryo. Material and Methods: After Natural Cycle in Vitro Fertilization (NC-IVF) was carried out, 250 cases of ET were included in the study. Based on the results of the -hCG pregnancy test two weeks after ET and confirmation by transvaginal ultrasound at six weeks of gestation, the patients were split into two groups: those who were pregnant and those who were not. At the commencement of monitoring (the first to fourth day of the cycle), the levels of estradiol, progesterone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and LH in serum were assessed. During subsequent routine control visits, millimeter-level ultrasound measurements of the follicle and endometrial thickness were taken every two days after measuring estradiol, progesterone, and LH. The NC-IVF cycle was stopped by the increasing slope of LH (> 20 mIU/mL), declining estradiol levels, and progesterone levels of 1.5 ng/mL. Results: When results were compared between the two groups, the pregnant woman group’s endometrial thickness was found to be significantly larger. (p≤0.05) The highest implantation potential and in utero survival were found in embryos with fragmentation less than or equal to 10% in both univariate and multivariate analyses (p 0.01 and p 0.05, respectively). 18.8% of embryos implanted overall after transfer. Conclusion: Endometrial thickness and embryo quality have a big impact on implantation in NC-IVF. The 8-cell embryos with the lowest or equivalent 10% fragmentation on the third day after oocyte retrieval have the highest implantation potential.

Background: Intra axial brain tumors are a significant health problem and present several limiting challenges. These lesions include primary neoplasm (high and low grade), secondary (metastatic)neoplasm, lymphoma, tumefactive demyelinating lesions, abscesses and encephalitis. We are witnessing a shift in imaging from merely providing anatomical information towards providing information about tumor physiology. Aim/Objectives: (1) To determine biochemical markers of intra axial brain tumors using MR. (2) To evaluate role of MR spectroscopy in diagnosing and grading of intra axial brain tumor with histopathological co-relation. (3) To evaluate role of MR spectroscopy in determining the infiltrative nature of the intra axial brain. Materials and Methods: The main source of data for the study: Patients from the Chalmeda Anand Rao Institute of Medical Sciences, Karimnagar. All patients referred to the, Department of Radiodiagnosis with clinically suspected brain tumors in a period from July 2022 to June 2023 will be subjected for the study. Results: The tumors showed decreased NAAC and Cr contents and a high cho signal. The Lac-Lip signal was high in grade III astrocytomas, glioblastomas. Reports that Cho/Cr ratio and Cho/NAA ratio increases with glioma’s whereas NAA/Cr decreases were confirmed with histopathological correlation. 20% of the patients with intra axial brain tumor were between 31 to 40 years of age. 73.33% of the patients were having intra axial brain tumors in supratentorial location. In this study majority of the patients i.e., 43.33% had hypointense signal on T1. Conclusion: Accurate grading of gliomas on the basis of MRS alone may be difficult. Combining MRS with conventional and other advanced MR imaging techniques, grading becomes more precise.

Background: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are increasingly affecting young individuals in India, necessitating a comprehensive evaluation of associated factors and cardiac risk. Cardio-pulmonary exercise testing (CPET) provides valuable insights into cardiovascular fitness and response to physical exertion, making it a crucial tool for assessing cardiac risk in this demographic. Aims and Objective: To identify the associated factors and Cardio Pulmonary Exercise testing in young Indian patients with cardiac risk. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample size of 30 young participants (aged 18 to 40 years) presenting with cardiac risk factors. Demographic information, medical history, and lifestyle habits were obtained through structured interviews. CPET was performed using standardized protocols on treadmill, with continuous monitoring of ECG, VO2, VCO2, respiratory rate, heart rate, and blood pressure during exercise. Associated factors, including, anthropometric parameters, blood pressure, BMI, smoking status, and alcohol consumption, were assessed. Results:  Out of all 30 patients, 66.67% were males while 33.33% were females. There was no significant (p>0.05) difference in number of patients in different age group, between males and females. The mean height of all patients was 162.6 ± 6.11 cm, mean Weight was 65.23 ± 12.04 Kg, mean BMI 24.71 ± 4.65 Kg/m², mean Waist Circumference was 84.9±7.41 cm, mean Hip Circumference was 89.87 ± 5.06 cm and mean Waist Hip Ratio was 0.95 ± 0.08. The mean systolic Blood Pressure of all patients was 125.27 ± 12.59 while diastolic Blood Pressure 81.67 ± 9.06 was mmHg. Seven (23.33%) were smokers, 30% (n=9) had alcohol abuse and tobacco use was found to be in 5 (16.67%) patients. Dyspnea on exertion was the main complaint among 17 (56.67%) patients, followed by complain of cough which occurred in 7 (23.33%) patients. Most common co-morbidity was hypertension and diabetes which was present in 10(33.33 %) of both followed by obesity in 06 (20 %), Diabetes and hypertension both 04(13.33%) patients. Among CPET parameter VO₂max was scattered around mean of 30.22 ± 3.32 ml/kg/min. Anaerobic Threshold (AT) was 19.45 ± 2.22 ?, while breathing Reserve (BR) and Oxygen Utilization Efficiency Slop (OUES) were having a mean value of 12.2 ± 2.02 and 0.92 ± 0.04, respectively. Conclusion: This original research highlights the importance of evaluating associated factors in young Indian patients with cardiac risk to inform early cardiac risk assessment and management strategies. The significant associations between CPET outcomes and blood pressure, BMI, and smoking underscore the relevance of these factors in determining cardiovascular fitness. These findings emphasize the need for targeted interventions and lifestyle modifications to mitigate cardiac risk among the young Indian population.

Background: Intensive care unit (ICU) scoring systems have been in use for more than three decades to objectify and quantify the physician’s clinical decision in critically ill patients. Aim: A study for prognostic efficacy of thyroid hormone with SOFA score in predicting mortality, serum uric acid and serum albumin in critically ill patients. Material & Methods: This was a prospective cross sectional study conducted on 400 randomly selected patients during one year period. All patients admitted in intensive care unit had age >16 years and gave informed consent were included in the study. Results: Mean age in non survivors and survivors patients wee was 55.66±18.03 age 46.21±20.08 years (p<0.001). Mean serum albumin in non survivors and survivors patients were 3.01±0.46, and 3.13±0.56 respectively (p<0.05). Mean serum uric acid in non survivors and survivors were 5.29±0.79mg/dl and 5.34±0.83mg/dl respectively (p>0.05). Mean TSH in SOFA group 0-9, 10-14 and >14 groups were 3.01±0.93, 2.92±0.68 and 2.20 respectively (p>0.05). Conclusion: We concluded that Free T3 level can be used independently as a predictor of mortality in critically ill patients admitted in intensive care unit. The addition of Free T3 to SOFA can significantly improve the ability of SOFA score to predict mortality in critically ill patients. The addition of Free T3 level to SOFA score can significantly improves is ability to predict mortality in critically ill patients. Low serum albumin level on day of admission to ICU also appears to be a significant marker in predicting outcome of critically ill patients in the form of mortality and morbidity. Thus, serum albumin level measurement can be used as a prognostic marker in critically ill patients in addition to SOFA Score along with clinical judgment.

Background and Aim: Axillary brachial plexus block is one of the most widely used regional anesthesia technique for surgical procedures involving forearm, wrist, and hand. Peripheral nerve stimulator (PNS) was considered as the gold standard technique for nerve location. Present study was done with an aim to Study Effectiveness of Peripheral nerve stimulator guided multiple injection technique of axillary brachial plexus block. Material and Methods: Forty patients with physical status ASA grade I and II aged between 18 – 60 years, scheduled for elective hand, wrist and forearm surgeries were included in this study. Under all aseptic precautions, all patient were given peripheral nerve stimulator-guided axillary brachial plexus block with multiple injection technique was using 20 ml of 0.5% inj Bupivacaine and 20 ml of 2% inj Lignocaine with Adrenaline. All patients were observed for following parameters: Onset of sensory and motor block, Duration of sensory and motor block, Duration of analgesia, Hemodynamic changes, adverse effect/ complications. Results: Mean onset of sensory and motor block was 9.48 ± 1.28 min and 12.60 ± 0.98 min respectively. Mean Duration of sensory and motor block was 432.00 ± 78.61 min and 399.00 ± 76.49 min. Patients remained hemodynamically stable throughout the surgery and postoperatively. Mean duration of analgesia was 470.62 ± 81.65 min. VAS was increased with time. VAS at 1 hour was 0.07 ± 0.2667, VAS at 6 hours was 3.38 ± 0.69, and VAS at 8 hours was 4.00 ± 0.00. So, Rescue analgesic required mostly after 8 hrs post operatively. Conclusion: The peripheral nerve stimulator guided axillary brachial plexus block with multiple injection technique using 20 ml of 0.5% inj Bupivacaine and 20 ml of 2% inj Lignocaine with Adrenaline shorten the onset of sensory and motor block, prolong the duration of sensory and motor block and better postoperative analgesia without any major significant complications.

Background: Spinal Anaesthesia is the most common type of regional anaesthesia to establish dense and reliable motor blockade in infraumbilical surgeries. The present study was aimed at evaluating the efficacy of intrathecal Ropivacaine 0.75% heavy as compared to 0.5% Bupivacaine heavy for patients undergoing infraumbilical surgeries. Materials & Methods: The study was conducted on 100 patients. All patients were randomly allocated in to two groups of 50 each, In Group RO- Patients were given 0.75% hyperbaric ropivacaine 3ml intrathecally and in group BU- Patients were given 0.5% hyperbaric Bupivacaine 3ml intrathecally. Onset of sensory block, onset of motor blockade, duration of motor block and hemodynamic were assessed. Statistical software SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) 20.0 and graph Pad Prism 6.0 version were used for analysis of the data. Results: It was observed that there was no statistically significant difference between these two in terms of age, gender, ASA status, weight and height. There was no statistical difference in the two groups regarding the surgical duration also. The mean time of onset of sensory block in group BU was shorter than in RO group which was significant (p<0.05). Mean time to achieve peak sensory block in group BU was 7.92±1.1 and in group RO was 9.5±1.1 with p value <0.05 which was significant. Motor blockade was faster in group BU than in RO group. A remarkable difference in the mean duration of motor block was observed clinically and statistically (p<0.05). The hemodynamic parameters including HR, MAP, RR, BP were found to be more stable in group RO as compared to group BU (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The present study concluded that Intrathecal hyperbaric Ropivacaine 0.75% did show promising results in terms its efficacy, safety and analgesia as it was seen with 0.5% hyperbaric Bupivacaine but with a shorter duration of motor blockade for spinal anaesthesia in infraumbilical surgeries.

Introduction: Immunocompromised hosts have more inclination towards developing infections, especially infections of the renal system. Morbidity in immunocompromised patients is considerably attributed to urinary tract infections, which when complicated fuel the mortality rate. In Kashmir, the magnitude of immune compromise-associated renal tract infections has increased in the past few years. The containment of these infections majorly depends upon the risk identification in the immunocompromised population. This research study is directed to assess the prevalence and associated risk factors of urinary tract infections in the immunocompromised subjects. Methods: It was a cross-sectional and facility based study, screening 405 immunocompromised patients visiting the study center in Srinagar, Kashmir from April, 2021 to 31^st March, 2022. Demographic data was collected through structured face-to-face interview. Standard microbiological testing protocol was followed to diagnose urinary tract infections. To evaluate the actual prevalence of urinary tract infection amid the heterogeneous immunocompromised patients, the study population were stratified into 6 categories. For risk assessment, univariate logistic regression was used to correlate the population characteristics with UTI positivity, with p-value<0.05 considered statistically significant. For the risk factors, adjusted and unadjusted odds ratios along with 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Results: The general prevalence of urinary tract infections was found to be 34.81% with females accounting for 58.2% of the patients. Highest proportion of UTI positive patients (21.98%) were found between 31-40 years of age. Significantly raised occurrence of UTI (43.58%) was recorded among the diabetes mellitus category with AOR of 5.50 (p<0.001). The odds of acquiring UTI were notably higher in hyperglycemic women (adjusted odds ratio: 55.06). Interestingly we also observed that among the 141 UTI positive samples, 61 (43.26%) were positive for bacterial isolates whereas, 80 (56.73%) were positive for candida species. Conclusion: Urinary tract infections were highly prevalent among the immunocompromised patients. Significant risk factors correlating with urinary tract infections were female gender, age, and hyperglycemic state. Assessment of risk factors predisposing the subjects with compromised immune system to UTIs along with standardized screening protocols can help in early identification of the vulnerable population and provide more effective management and prevention against urinary tract infections.

Background and Aim: Both the supraclavicular and infraclavicular brachial plexus blocks can be used successfully for procedures on the upper limb. They both have a similar anaesthetic distribution. In this study, brachial plexus blocks for patients having upper limb surgery were evaluated between the supraclavicular and infraclavicular procedures employing neurostimulation in a prospective randomised way. Material and Methods: In a tertiary medical college hospital, this prospective, randomised, and observer-blinded study was conducted on 80 patients who were having elective surgery on their elbows, forearms, and hands. A vertical infraclavicular plexus block (group I, n = 40) or supraclavicular plexus block (group II, n = 40) was randomly administered to the patients. The very same anaesthesiologist performed all of the blocks. Onset of sensory and motor blockage, readiness for surgery, success rate, and complications were all compared between the two groups. Results: The demographic characteristics of the two groups were comparable. Additionally, it was discovered that the length of operation and the location of surgeries were comparable, and statistical significance was not observed. In comparison to Group II (10.983.47), Group I (9.402.34 min) had a relatively faster block performance time (P = 0.02). In contrast to Group II, Group I had a higher satisfaction rating. In Group I, motor blockade began more quickly than in Group II, although this difference was not statistically significant. The amount of time it took for patients to be prepared for surgery was not statistically different. Conclusion: Infraclavicular block was performed faster using the ultrasound-guided neurostimulation approach than supraclavicular block. The infraclavicular technique may be preferred for surgery on the hand, forearm, or elbow, according to these findings. To contrast the supraclavicular block with the infraclavicular block utilising neurostimulation, additional large-scale investigations will be required.

Introduction: Numerous nerve block techniques are available for upper limb procedure. Axillary brachial plexus block is relatively easy to perform. It is used in elbow forearm and arm surgeries. The classic approach is perineural approach wherein the median, ulnar, radial and musculocutaneous nerves are anaesthetized individually. This study concentrates on a newer approach called perifascial approach wherein the drug is deposited along latissmus dorsi and superficial Axillary fascia. This study compares the efficacy of both the block techniques. Methods: 50 patients who were admitted for upper limb orthopaedic procedures and who had ASA physical status 1 and 2 and were selected according to inclusion and exclusion criteria were divided into group PN to receive perineural approach to Axillary block and group PF to receive perifascial approach to Axillary block. Parameters like time taken for successful block, number of needle passes, hemodynamic parameters, patient satisfaction via VAS, rescue analgesic requirements, post-operative adverse events were observed in both the groups. Results: It was observed that the perifascial approach was easier to perform, performance time was comparatively less, reduced incidence of vascular puncture and provides similar analgesia as in perineural approach. Hence it can be considered an alternative to perineural approach for first time users. Conclusion: It can be thus concluded that the perifascial plane technique is simpler and more time saving than the perineural procedure.

Background: Compressive myelopathy is the term used to describe spinal cord compression from different causes. This can be caused by etiologies either from outside or within the cord. The aim of the study is to determine the various causes of compressive myelopathy and their MRI characteristics. Methods: A prospective hospital-based study was conducted. Total of 30 cases were analysed over a period of from January 2020 to January 2022 and were investigated with MRI. Results: MRI is the modality of choice to image spine and spinal cord pathologies because of its ability to delineate soft tissue anatomy in multiple planes without ionizing radiation and non –invasiveness. Most common cause for compressive myelopathy in our study was spinal trauma (46.6%)> Metastasis (20%) > Infection/TB (16.7%) = Primary neoplasm (16.7%). Most of spinal injuries (most common), infections and secondary neoplasms involve extradural compartment while most of primary neoplasm involves intradural compartment. The common site involved is the cervical (50%) followed by thoracic (37.5%) Regions in cases of spinal injury. Conclusions: MRI is a very definitive, sensitive, accurate, specific, and non-invasive modality for evaluation of spinal cord myelopathy.

Introduction: The co-existence of thyroid dysfunction in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients will worsen the macrovascular and microvascular complications, morbidity, mortality, and quality of life. Over the years it has been evident that there exists regards a strong relationship between thyroid and diabetes. The incidence of thyroid diseases differs in different diabetic population. Thyroid through its hormones exert a great influence on various organs in the body. Similarly insulin also plays a major role in various cellular metabolic activities. Hence, a deficiency or excess of the thyroid hormones are thought to alter the functional integrity of insulin. Aim and Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction among patients with Type 2 diabetes. Methods: This Hospital based prospective cross sectional study was conducted from May 2022- May 2023. A total of 100 patients with type-2 diabetes who regularly attend the outpatient Endocrinology Department, GGH Ananthapuramu. A detailed history and examination was done after getting informed consent. Blood samples were collected and sent to the laboratory for the evaluation of thyroid profile. Results: Thyroid dysfunction was found in 36%of the patients with Type 2 DM. Among 100 patients the prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism was 18 %, primary hypothyroidism was 10 %, clinical hyperthyroidism 16 %.and 64 are in euthyroid state. Conclusion: Thyroid Hormone testing is usually neglected in Type 2 Diabetes mellitus. Unidentified Thyroid Dysfunction will have impact on microvascular and macrovascular complications of Type 2DM. Thus, Routine Screening of Thyroid is advised in all patients of type 2 DM to reduce the morbidity and mortality.

Background: High-impact accident, often resulting from such as car crashes, motorcycle, and falls from heights, is a significant cause of fatalities among the younger population worldwide. The implications of losing a young and active member of the population due to such traumatic incidents are indeed profound and multifaceted, affecting individuals, families, communities, and the nation as a whole. The LRS (limb reconstruction system) consists of an assembly of clamps usually two or three which can slide on a rigid rail & can be connected by compression distraction units. The LRS may be used to achieve 15 cm or more of lengthening without the need to change the device for a longer one. The goal of these treatments is to promote optimal healing, restore function, and minimize the risk of complications such as decrease range of motion, malunion, nonunion and shortening. Aim: Evaluating the efficacy of Monolateral external fixator for the management of lower extremity with respect to time for union, Knee range of motion and shortening. Methods: Prospective study of 26 cases of lower extremity trauma managed by LRS over a period of 6 months. Mean age group of the patient is 37 years i.e. 26.92%. Dominancy of Male and common mode of injury is Road Traffic Accidents. Patients had already received surgical interventions for their lower extremity trauma but required further treatment using the LRS due to the complexity of their injuries. All the patient got treatment in the hospital and the surgery were done in the period of June 2005-June 2007. The combination of pulsed lavage, debridement, and fracture fixation helps create a suitable environment for subsequent interventions, like using the LRS for limb reconstruction in cases where multiple surgeries were necessary due to the complexity of the injuries. Combination of radiography, clinical evaluations, and standardized scoring systems like the ASAMI score provides a comprehensive picture of the treatment outcomes. Results: Union was achieved in n=9(73%) patient, out of 26 patient and n=22(68%) patients have good range of motion with no limb length discrepancy, has been found associated with difference of Postoperative 1-4cm after Preoperative 3-15 cm shortening. Average time for frame removal 28 weeks then patient nailing done. It reduced the financial burden 40% compared to multi staged surgery make the patient stay average 7 days in the hospital. Conclusion: LRS External fixator is simple, rigid and safe device in trauma management with excellent result respect to time for Union, Knee Range of Motion and Shortening. Research findings, which indicate that the LRS can be an effective tool for treating lower extremity trauma, promoting bone healing, maintaining joint function, and achieving positive patient outcomes.

Aim of the Study: To study the liver function tests in congestive cardiac failure and the relationship between liver function test and remission and exacerbation of congestive cardiac failure. Material and Methods: All cases of congestive cardiac failure (100), of varied etiologies observed in patients from July 2020 to December 2021. This study is an observational study, comparing the liver functions between cases (various causes of heart failure) and between cases and controls. Results: 24 patients with rheumatic heart disease,17 patients showed abnormal liver function (72%), Of the 18 patients with cor pulmonale 12 showed abnormal liver function (69%). In 6 patients with hypertensive heart disease 3 showed abnormal liver function (57%), whereas in 38 patients with coronary artery heart disease, 27 showed abnormal liver function (73%) 10 out of 14 patients with cardiomyopathy showed abnormal liver function. Conclusion: Liver function abnormalities were mostly present in patients with coronary artery disease (73%) and rheumatic valvular heart disease (70%) developing heart failure.

Aim of the Study: To the Study the etiological factor and determine the clinical profile. Material & Methods: A total of 50 patients underwent with weakness of lower limbs and admitted in Osmania General Hospital, Hyderabad Telangana State from January 2021 to December 2022. Results: A total 50 cases were studied. 92% of the study population presented with clinical picture of non-traumatic Paraparesis. 62% of the study population was below 40 years of age, which highlights the brunt of illness in young people. 66% of the cases has presented with acute onset of weakness, followed by 18% subacute onset followed by 16% presented with insidious onset. 69.2% of non-compressive myelopathy have preceding symptoms and 46% of polyradiculopathy cases. 43% of the cases are showing demyelinating lesion among which 50% are LETM cases. 75% of tumors are primary tumors of brain and spinal cord in this population study. Conclusion: In the study, most common cause was acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy and acute transverse myelitis followed by Spinal Tuberculosis.

Aim: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the association between Mg intake and the risk of reflux disease and that the addition of magnesium supplements should be considered and added to the LPRD treatment protocol for adults in accordance with the dietary reference intake (DRI). Methods: This was a hospital based prospective study done over a period of 1 year in the Department of ENT at Gauri Devi Institute of medical Sciences and Hospital, Durgapur, West Bengal, India in patients presenting with symptoms suggestive of LPR of the age group 18-65 years. A total of 100 patients were included in the study. Results: Out of total 100 cases, 62 (62%) were females and 38 (38%) were males. Out of 68 female patients, 24.19% (n=15) were below 30 years, 61.29% (n=38) were within 30 to 50 years and 14.52% (n=9) were above 50 years. Out of 38 male patients, 23.68% (n=9) were below 30 years, 57.89% (n=22) were within 30 to 50 years and 18.43% (n=7) were above 50 years. The mean RSI score in each of these age groups for females were 17.4, 18.6 and 16.4 respectively and for males were 12.8, 14.6 and 14.2. Similarly, the mean RFS for females were 13.3, 14.4 and 12.6 and for males were 10.2, 13.4 and 12.3 respectively. Foreign body/sticky sensation in throat was the foremost presenting complaint found in 69% of the study population, followed by excessive throat mucus (64%) and constant throat clearing (48%). Hoarseness of voice was seen in 7% of the patients. Dysphagia and dyspnea were the least common symptoms noticed 6% and 3% respectively. A significant number of patients had overlap of two or more symptoms. Among the laryngeal signs of LPRD, granular pharynx, laryngeal erythema and posterior commissure hypertrophy were present in all the cases. 70% of the cases had diffuse laryngeal oedema and thick endolaryngeal mucus (‘positive string sign’) was noted in 40% cases. Subglottic edema and ventricular obliteration were rare findings, found only in 10% and 8% cases respectively. Conclusion: The use of magnesium supplements in conjunction with standard therapy for laryngopharyngeal reflux disease (LPRD) has the potential to enhance LPRD symptomatology and warrants consideration within the treatment regimen for LPRD.

Background and Aim: Nefopam and Tramadol have been employed as pharmacological agents for the management of postoperative pain in several therapeutic contexts. The objective of this study is to assess and contrast the analgesic effects following surgery in adult patients having laparoscopic abdominal procedures, specifically focusing on the intravenous administration of nefopam and tramadol. Materials and Methods: A total of 126 adult patients, belonging to American Society of Anaesthesiologists physical Status I & II and aged between 20 and 60 years, were randomly assigned to two groups. These patients were scheduled to have either elective or emergency laparoscopic abdominal procedures under general anaesthesia. In the post-anaesthesia care unit, a total of 63 patients were assigned to Group N and 63 patients were assigned to Group T. Patients in Group N got an intravenous infusion of Nefopam at a dosage of 20 mg, while patients in Group T received an intravenous infusion of Tramadol at a dosage of 100 mg. Both infusions were administered in 100 ml of 0.9% saline solution over a period of 15 minutes. The administration of identical dosages occurred at intervals of 6 hours or when the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) score reached or exceeded 4. The Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) ratings following the surgical procedure were documented at certain time intervals, including 30 minutes, 1.5 hours, 3 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours, 18 hours, and 24 hours. The hemodynamic variables were measured both before to and following the administration of the study medications. A significance level of P < 0.05 was deemed to indicate statistical significance. Results: The pain score exhibited a statistically significant decrease in Group N compared to Group T. There was a statistically significant difference in the mean VAS scores among the two groups at 1.5 hours, 3 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours, 18 hours, and 24 hours after the surgery (P < 0.05). There wasn’t any statistically significant disparity observed in the occurrence of adverse effects between the two groups. Conclusion: The administration of intravenous Nefopam yielded superior analgesic efficacy compared to Tramadol in individuals having laparoscopic procedures while under the influence of general anaesthesia.

Background: Thyroid gland is an important endocrine gland which produces two important hormones –Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3) -which regulates the metabolic rate of the body. Thyroid hormones perform a wide array of metabolic functions including regulation of lipid, carbohydrate, protein and electrolytes and mineral metabolism. In India 42 million people are suffering from thyroid diseases, hypothyroidism is 10 times more common in women than men and its prevalence increases with age. Among the endocrine glands, thyroid is the most susceptible for hypo (or) hyper function. Hypothyroidism is accompanied by remarkable alterations in the metabolism of water and electrolytes. Hypo natremia is the commonest electrolyte derangement in hypothyroid patients. Aim: The aim of our study is to find out electrolyte derangement in hypothyroid patients and to study correlation of TSH with serum electrolytes. Material and Methods: A total of 100 subjects were taken for this study and divided into 2 groups. Group-1: 50 Hypothyroidism patients, Group-2: 50 Healthy controls. The age group included individuals is between 30-55years. Blood samples were collecting from Government General Hospital, Kadapa. 5ml of venous blood sample was collected in plane tube in the morning after an overnight fast. After sample collection, samples were centrifuged and serum was analysed for estimation of blood urea, serum creatinine, serum electrolytes, thyroid hormones-T3, T4 and TSH. Serum creatinine, blood urea was estimated by using Erba semi auto-analyzer. Serum electrolytes were analyzed by using electrolyte analyser. Thyroid hormones were analyzed by using Asses 2 thyroid (Chemiluminescence immune assay analyser-Beckman coulter). Statistical analysis: The data was analyzed and consolidated as mean and standard deviation (SD). To analyze the statistical significance, the student t-test was performed by using Graph pad software. The test of probability of lessthan0.05 (<0.05) was significant. Results: In present study, age of the subjects varied from 30-55 years. The mean age of Hypothyroid patients was43.16 ± 6.67 and mean age of mean age of healthy controls was 42.3 ± 6.30. The mean value of T3,T4 are low in Hypothyroid patients when compared to healthy control(p<0.0001,p<0.0001 respectively). The mean value of serum TSH is high in Hypothyroidism patients when compared to healthy controls(p<0.0001).The mean value of serum Na⁺, serum K⁺ are low in Hypothyroidism patients compared to controls(p<0.0001, p<0.0001 respectively). The mean value of Cl- is high in Hypothyroidism patients when compared to controls (p<0.0001) .There is a negative Pearson correlation between serum TSH & serum Na+(r= -0.02177), serum TSH & serum K+ (r= -0.09019) and positive Pearson correlation between serum TSH &Cl- (r= +0.1188). Conclusion: In the present study we found there is a decrease in serum sodium and serum potassium levels in hypothyroid patients when compared to healthy controls. Serum TSH shows negative correlation with serum Na+ and serum K+ in Hypothyroid patients and positive correlation with serum chloride. Regular monitoring of serum electrolyte levels during the routine screening of Hypothyroid patients will be more helpful during the management of thyroid patients prevention of further complications.

Background & Objective: To study whether children born after vitrified–thawed embryo transfers (ETs) using donated oocytes have worse perinatal outcomes when compared with fresh ET. Methods: Patients with a first singleton live birth after single blastocyst transfer were compared using multivariable regression analysis to account for potential confounding factors. The primary outcome was birth weight. Secondary outcomes were birth weight z-scores and percentiles, small/large for gestational age, gestational age at delivery, gender, prematurity (<37 weeks and <32 weeks), neonatal morbidity (Apgar scores and need for neonatal intensive care) and maternal morbidity (gestational hypertensive disorders, gestational diabetes and caesarean delivery). Results: There was no significant difference between the fresh ET and FET groups in terms of mean birth weight and birth weight z-scores, in both the unadjusted and confounder-adjusted models. However, artificial endometrial preparation was associated with a higher birth weight and birth weight z-scores when compared with a transfer in a natural cycle. Although a 1-day statistically significant difference in gestational age at birth was detected, premature birth rates (<37 weeks) did not vary significantly between groups. No other statistically significant differences were found in the remaining neonatal and maternal outcomes studies between the fresh ET and FET groups. Conclusion: No significant difference in birth weight and prematurity rates between fresh or frozen embryo transfers (FETs) in new-borns after oocyte donation was found.

Background: Preeclampsia is a pregnancy specific multi organ disease process characterized by de novo development of hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation. It complicates 2-8 % of pregnancies. Aims and Objective: To study the effect of single dose magnesium sulphate in cases of severe preeclampsia to reduce the incidence of seizures. The ultimate aim is to reduce maternal mortality and morbidity and improve perinatal outcome. Material and Methods: In this study total 100 patients with severe preeclampsia were selected and were divided in two groups, study group and control group. Each group had 50 patients with severe preeclampsia. Study group received Prophylactic dose of Magnesium Sulphate that is , 4 gm intravenous MgSO4(20%) on admission. The control group was not given prophylactic MgSO4. Monitoring of BP, urine output, respiratory rate and FHS was done. Result: We had one case of seizure in study group 6 hours after giving prophylactic dose of MgSO4 which was further managed with Prichard’s regime. In the control group seven (7) patients had seizures. There was no case of MgSO4 toxicity seen. There was no case of maternal deaths and postpartum convulsions in both the group. Conclusion: single loading dose of magnesium sulphate is very effective in preventing eclampsia. It will help to reduce maternal mortality and morbidity and improve perinatal outcome.

Introduction: The anatomy of the atlanto-axial region is complex and demands knowledge of its structure and morphometry. With the knowledge of morphometry of C1 and C2 vertebrae it is quite easy to carry out the process of placing lateral mass screws during cervical spine surgeries. Cervical spine surgery includes many common surgical procedures performed by spine surgeons. The pathologies treated include radiculopathy, myelopathy, instability caused by degeneration or trauma, infection and tumours. It is very important to have an understanding of surrounding anatomy at the C1 lateral mass screw site to avoid injury to the spinal cord, vertebral artery, C2 ganglion or nerve root, internal carotid artery or hypoglossal nerve. Cervical spine surgery performed for the correct indications yields good results. Aims and Objectives: (1) The main objective of our study is to provide data to spine surgeons in assessing the size of the screw having different morphological measurements known. (2) Our study included the measurements such as antero-posterior diameter, transverse diameter, heights of lateral mass taken in both dried specimen and a CT scan as well. Having this data of variable morphological measurements surgeon can easily select the size of the screw to be placed by correlating the data of our study. (3) Malpositioning of the screw can be rectified as the study provides the ideal entry and exit points of the screw. Material: (1) 40 dried cadaveric specimens of cervical vertebrae (20C1+20C2). (2) 40 CT scans of same cervical vertebrae (20C1+20C2) are taken. (3) Total of 80 samples that is 40 cadaveric specimens and 40 CT scans were included. Methodology: (1) Cadaveric specimens to be studied were collected from different Medical colleges in the city of Hyderabad. (2) The cadaveric specimens included were adult first (C1) and second (C2) cervical vertebrae of both the sexes. (3) CT scans of the collected vertebrae were taken from the department of Radiology, Mediciti institute of Medical Sciences.(4) The manual and the CT scan measurements were taken for each vertebra using vernier calliper and three dimentional (3D) imaging, computer aided navigation tools and special software respectively. Observation and Results: 40 cervical vertebrae (20 C1 & 20 C2 ) i.e. total of 80 lateral masses of both C1 and C2 were studied , manual and CT scan measurements were noted and compared. The data was analysed by using medcalc statistical version 13.0 http://www.medcalc.org .Unpaired t-test was used to compare CT and manual measurements. Among the CT and manual measurements of both C1 and C2 lateral mass there is significant difference between transverse diameter and height ( P<0.05), which are important parameters for the surgeons in fixation of posterior arch screws. No significant differences were found between antero-posterior parameters and height between manual and CT measurements. Conclusion: This study may be useful for surgeons and academicians in understanding the morphometry of C1 and C2 and to compare morphometric data with CT derived data to determine the accuracy in selecting the size of screw.

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease due to absolute or relative insulin deficiency. The association of thyroid dysfunction with type 2 Diabetes mellitus is widely known. Diabetic Nephropathy, a major microvascular complication of type 2 Diabetes mellitus and is an important cause of chronic kidney disease. Approximately 20%-40% of patients with diabetes progress to Diabetic kidney disease   and   40% also progress to ESRD. Measurement of serum urea and creatinine are easily available tests for this purpose which can assist in detection and prevention diabetic kidney disease at an early stage and can limit the progression to end stage renal disease (ESRD). The main aim of our study is to compare the renal parameters in Hypothyroidism with typ2 Diabetes mellitus and without Diabetes mellitus. Materials and Methods: Total of 150 subjects were taken for our study. The subjects were divided in to 3 groups, group-1: Hypothyroidism without Type 2 Diabetes mellitus patients (n= 50), Group-2: Hypothyroid patients with Type 2 Diabetes mellitus(n=50), group-3: Healthy controls(n=50) Ethical clearance: Institutional ethical committee approval was taken before commencement of study. Sample Collection: Blood samples were collected in Govt general hospital, Kadapa, YSR Kadapa district, Andhra Pradesh. 5 ml of venous blood sample was collected from subjects in a plain tube under aseptic conditions in the morning after an overnight fast. After collection, the samples were centrifuged and serum was analysed for estimation of Thyroid hormones (T3, T4, TSH) by Chemiluminescent immunoassay- Assess 2 thyroid analyser (Beckman coulter) r. plasma glucose, serum creatinine, blood urea analysed with Semi-auto analyser. Statistical Analysis: The data was entered and complied in an excel sheet. The data was analysed and consolidated as mean and standard deviation (SD). To analyse the statistical significance, the student t-test was performed utilizing Graph pad software. The test of the probability of less than 0.05(<0.05) was considered as significant. Results: In the present study, the age of the subjects varied from 40-60 yrs. The mean age of the healthy controls is 44.94±2.91, Hypothyroidism without type 2 Diabetes is 45.92±3.69, Hypothyroidism with type 2 Diabetes mellitus is 46.38 ±3.98.  In the present study the mean value of serumT3 and serumT4 value is low in Group-1 when compared to Group-3 (p<0.001, p<0.0001respectively). The mean serum value of TSH is significantly high in Group-1 compared to Group-3(p<0.0001). Fasting plasma glucose mean value is high in Group-2 compare with Group-3(p<0.0001). The mean value of serum T3, T4 is low in Group-2 compared to Group-3(P<0.0001, P< 0.0001 respectively). The mean value of serum creatinine and blood urea are high in Group-2 compared to Group-3(p<0.0001, p<0.0001 respectively). There is a positive Pearson correlation between Fasting Plasma glucose and serum creatinine(r=+0.31239) and between Fasting plasma glucose and blood urea (r = +0.1636) in Hypothyroid patients with type-2 DM.  Discussion: Type 2 Diabetes mellitus patients were more prone to Hypothyroidism frequently. Estimation of serum creatinine and blood urea are often used to assesses the overall kidney function.  Prolonged hyper glycemia which causes irretrievable damage to the nephrons of the kidney. The Serum creatinine concentration increases in hypothyroidism patients due to reduction of glomerular filtration rate because of hemodynamic changes in severe hypothyroidism. The main cause for increase in blood urea is Hypo thyroidism with type2 Diabetes patients is due to diminishing of glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Conclusion: The development of Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is common in hypothyroidism patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus compared with hypothyroidism patients without type 2 Diabetes mellitus. Regular monitoring of thyroid patients for type-2 Diabetes mellitus is very important to rule out any impact on renal function. Measurement of  blood urea  and serum creatinine  helps in the early detection  and prevention of diabetic kidney diseases and prevents the progression of end stage  renal disease(ESRD).

Aim: The purpose of this study was to establish the lowest effective local anaesthetic concentration needed to deliver adequate analgesia while utilizing less opioid. Objective: The epidural analgesic is the most efficient type of analgesia among the many labour analgesic treatments. The goal of this study was to establish the lowest effective local anaesthetic concentration needed to deliver adequate analgesia while using less opioid. This study’s goal was to compare the effectiveness of 0.125% & 0.2% ropivacaine in combination with 2 g/ml of fentanyl for epidural labour analgesia. Materials and Methods: 50 term pregnant women with vertex presentation in active labour and physical status grades I and II according to the American Society of Anesthesiologists were divided into two groups, Group R1 and Group R2, and given an initial bolus dose of 10 ml each of 0.125% ropivacaine and 0.2% ropivacaine with fentanyl 2 g/ml and intermittent top-up doses epidurally. The block’s characteristics, the onset as well as duration of the analgesia, and the total amount of analgesic needed were documented. The Visual Analogue Scale score was used to evaluate the degree of pain and overall pleasure. Findings for the mother and foetus were documented. Results: Demographic features of mothers were comparable. The ideal labour analgesia can be achieved with any concentration; however reducing the ropivacaine concentration has led to more doses being repeated, which has increased fentanyl use. Regarding motor block, hemodynamics, and neonatal outcomes, there were not significant variations between the two groups. Conclusion: We come to the conclusion that 0.2% ropivacaine appeared superior in terms of quicker onset, longer duration, less breakthrough pain necessitating fewer top ups, and consequently reduced opiate intake. Therefore, we draw the conclusion that 0.2% ropivacaine is preferable to 0.125% ropivacaine combined with fentanyl.

Aim: The aim of the present study was to assess frequency and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of non-fermenting gram-negative rods isolated from blood culture of patients. Material & methods: The prospective study was conducted in the Department of Microbiology in between the duration of 1year. Blood Stream Infection (BSI) was defined as the isolation of a pathogen microorganism from >1 blood culture bottle. BSIs were classified as community- and hospital-acquired infections if detected within the first 48 h of hospitalization, or after 48 h of hospitalization, respectively. Results: Total 500 NFGNB were isolated from 3455 culture positive clinical samples accounting for an isolation rate of 14.47%. Urine was the most common specimen (30%) followed by pus (26%), blood (16%), sputum (12%), tracheal aspirate (8%) and remaining 8% included other samples. Acinetobacter baumannii was the predominant isolate, 260 (52%) followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa 200 (40%) and Burkholderia cepacia complex (BCC) 25 (5%). Burkholderia pseudomallei, Acinetobacter lwoffii and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia altogether accounted for 3%. Among the NFGNB isolated, A. baumannii showed highest sensitivity to gentamicin (61.53%) and lowest sensitivity to ceftriaxone (22.30%). P. aeruginosa was mostly sensitive to amikacin (84%) but least sensitive to ceftriaxone (28%). B. cepacia complex, B. pseudomallei and S. maltophilia showed 100% susceptibility to cotrimoxazole. A. lwoffii showed sensitivity to most of the antibiotics. A. baumannii and P. aeruginosa were mostly sensitive to gentamicin and amikacin and least sensitive to ceftriaxone. Conclusion: This study underlines the need to identify NFGNB in tertiary care hospitals and to monitor their susceptibility pattern to guide the clinician for better care and management of patients. Improved antibiotic stewardship and strict infection control measures especially hand washing need to be implemented to prevent emergence and spread of multidrug resistant NFGNB in health care settings.

Aim: The aim of the present study was to assess the pattern of antimicrobial drug use in VAP and to assess the etiological organisms and their drug sensitivity and resistance pattern. Material & Methods: Study participants admitted to Department of Pharmacology, who developed VAP were included in this prospective observational study. Bronchial secretions were subjected to microbiological analysis. The etiological organisms, their drug sensitivity and resistance pattern, and the outcome of drug therapy were recorded. The clinical course of the study participants was monitored till either the resolution of pneumonia or the demise of the participant. Qualitative data were analyzed using the Chi-square test or Fischer’s exact test and quantitative data using the independent t-test. Results: In the present study, 68% were male and 32% were females. 58% patients belonged to 18-60 years of age and 67% were unemployed. 96% were living in rural area and 66% had education of primary school. 905 belonged to lower middle class. Majority of the patients admitted to ICU due to acute respiratory failure (34%), followed by shock (21%).  Majority of the patients had systemic hypertension followed by diabetes. Out of 42 patients >60 years, 34 had early LAP and out of 68 male, 60 had early LAP. 74% had VC-AC ventilator mode followed by VC-SIMV 20% and SIMV 6%. Most of the antibiotics used were Piperacillin + tazobactam, Meropenem, Macrolides, Cephalosporins. Comparison of mean duration of intubation, mean period of stay in the intensive care unit and mean period of hospital stay after extubation in early versus late ventilator-associated pneumonia showed significant result. Conclusion: VAP is a serious problem in ICU leading to prolonged hospitalization and its associated financial implications, and mortality. Effective sepsis practice like hand washing is widely considered as an important but underutilized measured to prevent nosocomial infections like VAP.

Background: Allergic conjunctivitis, a prevalent allergic ocular condition, often presents with itching and discomfort. This study aims to compare the clinical effectiveness and therapeutic impact of 0.1% olopatadine hydrochloride and 0.5% ketorolac tromethamine ophthalmic solutions—each with distinct pharmacological mechanisms—in managing seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. Methods: Using specific inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of n=80 cases were selected through convenient sampling and evenly distributed into two groups: Group I (administered 0.1% Olopatadine hydrochloride) and Group II (administered 0.5% Ketorolac tromethamine). Thorough ocular examinations were conducted, encompassing visual acuity, slit-lamp bio-microscopy to assess conjunctival and corneal involvement, intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement with a non-contact tonometer, and fundus examination using indirect ophthalmoscopy. Results: The comparison of itching score improvement at various intervals revealed significant p-values at the 30-minute and 2-day marks. Notably, rapid symptom alleviation was observed in Group I (Olopatadine) compared to Group II (Ketorolac). Evaluation of hyperemia score improvement during follow-up visits showed significant p-values at the 30-minute interval only, with no significant values on day 2 and day 7. Both drugs demonstrated equal efficacy in managing hyperemia during follow-up. Conclusion: This study concluded that 0.1% Olopatadine eyedrops exhibited superior efficacy and a quicker response compared to 0.1% Ketorolac eye drops. However, both were equally effective after a 14-day treatment period. Minor side effects were noted in two patients from the Ketorolac group, while no side effects were observed in the olopatadine group. Therefore, when selecting treatment for seasonal allergic conjunctivitis, careful consideration should be given to factors such as cost, side effects, and patient compliance.

Aim: The objective was to evaluate the prescription pattern of Antiepileptic drugs in a tertiary care hospital, and to evaluate how rational is the prescription for various epilepsies. Methods: The present study was conducted in the Department of Pharmacology. Adult outpatients who have been diagnosed to have epilepsy were identified and prescribing pattern was studied. Totally 120 prescriptions were collected randomly over a period of 4 months. Patients demographic details, clinical diagnosis, type of epilepsy, type of AED used, drug dose and frequency were recorded. Average number of drugs per prescriptions was calculated. Prescription of all patients was entered in a preformed proforma and was analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: In the present study, out of 120 patients 70 patients were male and 50 patients were females. Epilepsy was more commonly seen in the patients of age group of 20-40 years. The analysis of the type of seizure showed that the most common type was partial seizures (60%) and the least common type was absence seizures (3.34%). Conclusion: Older antiepileptic agents like carbamazepine, valproate, phenytoin are still the most commonly agents as monotherapy whereas newer ones like levetiracetam are mostly used as add on drug in cases of treatment failure with older drugs. Antiepileptic prescribing in this study population is in accordance to the standard treatment guidelines for epilepsy.

Background: Adolescence refers to the stage of development typically spanning from 11-19 years of age, marked by significant physical, psychological, sexual, emotional, and behavioral changes. Adolescents constitute a significant of the population in India, highlighting the necessity to address the distinct challenges they face during this phase of life of females. The objective of this study was to assess the gynecological issues faced by adolescent girls who were visiting the gynecology outpatient department of a healthcare facility in Tribal Adilabad in South India. Methods: This study was conducted in the Department of Gynecology, RIMS, Adilabad. After obtaining ethical clearance, adolescent girls aged between 10-19 years experiencing gynecological issues, and who had undergone a minimum of three consecutive menstrual cycles, were included in the study. Adolescent girls in the 10–19-year age group with pregnancies and associated complications were excluded. Results: Among the 70 cases of gynecological issues observed, the predominant concern was menstrual disorders, accounting for 41 cases (58.57%). Notably, a relatively higher incidence of menstrual disorders was observed in late-adolescent girls, constituting 18 cases (43.90%). 41 patients (58.57%) presented with menstrual disorders, categorized as amenorrhea in 36.58% cases, polymenorrhea in 12.19% cases, and menorrhagia in 14.63% cases. Notably, the majority of menstrual disorders were observed in the late adolescence age group of girls, accounting for 48.78% of cases. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that young adolescent girls in Tribal settings are at a higher risk of gynecological issues and menstrual disorders. It emphasizes the urgent need for increased awareness regarding menstruation, menstrual hygiene, reproductive health, contraception, and access to a nutritious diet is crucial. Effective implementation of programs like school health and Adolescent Reproductive and Sexual Health (ARSH) is necessary.

Aim: The aim of the present study was to assess gynaecological disorders in geriatric women regarding their frequency, diagnosis and management. Methods: It was a prospective observational study done over two years period . In our study there were 200 patients aged 60 years and above, amongst total admission of 2890 in the Gynaecology ward. Results: 108 (54%) were in the age group of 60-65 years, 50 (25%) in the age group of 66-70 years, 30 (15%) in the age group of 71-75 years and 12 (6%) were more than 75 years. The most common presenting complaint was postmenopausal bleeding in 82 patients (41%), followed by pain and abdominal distention in 76 patients (38%). 64 patients (32%) complained of something coming out of introitus, 32 patients (16%) reported discharge per vaginum and 16 patients (8%) had urinary complaints. 86 females had single complaint while 112 patients had more than one complaint. Hypertension (72%) was the most common followed by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (16%), hypothyroidism (14%), diabetes mellitus (12%), anemia (10%), coronary artery disease (8%) and other diseases like chronic kidney disease, deep vein thrombosis and liver disease which constituted 2% of the cases. Malignancy was the most frequent diagnosis with 110 (55%) patients having malignant disease followed by uterovaginal prolapse, ovarian cyst and urinary complaints. Of the total malignancies, ovarian cancer constituted 48% (n=96) followed by cervical cancer 32% (n=64) endometrial carcinoma 12% (n=24), vulval cancer 6% (n=12) and vaginal cancer 2% (n=4). Conclusion: Post-menopausal bleeding is the commonest complaint. Ovarian and endometrial cancer is showing a rising trend in this age group. Though cervical cancer were the second most common malignancy in this group, most of these patients presented at advanced stage and hence were inoperable. Therefore, recommendations to discontinue screening in older age groups must be viewed with caution.

Aim: The aim of the present study was to assess the effectiveness of Clindamycin on Bacterial Vaginosis and compare with commonly used Metronidazole. Methods: A Randomized control study was done at Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology for one year. Total 100 women were selected in the study. Results: The two groups were comparable with respect to symptoms before and after treatment among study participants. Clindamycin was better than metronidazole with respect to Amsel’s criteria after treatment (P<0.05). Clindamycin was better than metronidazole with respect to Nugent’s criteria after treatment (P<0.05). Clindamycin was better than metronidazole with respect to Culture results after treatment (P<0.05). Conclusion: Oral Clindamycin may be preferable to oral Metronidazole because of its broader spectrum of activity. We have proved in our study that Clindamycin is better than Metronidazole but more studies need to be conducted in future. These findings can be used to provide better treatment for the women with Bacterial Vaginosis.

Aim: The aim of the present study was to assess the clinical features of cholelithiasis and its correlation with histopathological finding. Material & Methods: A prospective, observational study, conducted in the Department of General Surgery. Study duration was of 1 year. This study included 200 patients. Results: In the present study, majority of the patients belonged to 21-40 years age group followed by 41-60 years age group. There were 65% male and 35% females. Multiple stones were the commonest stones seen in 82% of the cases. On gross- examination, thickness of Gall bladder was increased in 55% of cases. Size of the gallstone varied from 0.2 to 3 cm with maximum number of stones measuring 0.2cm (25%) in our study. Chronic nonspecific cholecystitis was the commonest lesion encountered in our study seen in 80% of cases. Conclusion: Cholelithiasis has an increased prevalence in males. Efforts should be taken to reduce all variable risk factors which lead to cholelithiasis. Multiple stones were present in majority of the cases and biochemical analysis showed most of the stones to be of mixed variety. Upper abdominal ultrasound helps in early screening and detection. Early cholecystectomy is the treatment of choice.

Aim: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the knowledge and skills of COPD and bronchial asthma (BA) patients regarding the inhaling technique OF Dry powder. Methods: A cross-sectional study including 200 patients who were those diagnosed with COPD (post-bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 second [FEV1] <80% and the ratio of FEV1 to forced vital capacity <.070 on spirometry after the inhalation of bronchodilator) by physicians whose medical examination card notes the final diagnosis as COPD and attending medical outpatient department (OPD) in  Department of  General medicine for 18 months a aged ≥20, and who had been taking dry powder inhalation with a rotahaler as the treatment prior to the date of data collection. Results: The study showed that nearly half (49%) of the rotahaler users belonged to the 61–70 years age group. The overall mean and SD of the age of those users was 66.24±8.92. More than half of the COPD patients using rotahalers were females (55%) and from rural areas (58%). More than two-thirds of them were illiterate (68.6%) and unemployed (66.2%). Among the literates, the maximum number (41.66%) of DPI users had basic education. The majority (46%) of the respondents had used the rotahaler for less than a year. Regarding instruction, nearly all (99%) of the rotahaler users got verbal instruction regarding the use of the rotahaler. However, only 15% of the respondents had observed a demonstration of dry powder inhalation from health care providers. The majority of the DPI users (90%) had correct knowledge about the storage of rotacaps. They were aware that rotacaps should be kept in a cool place away from moisture, and four- fifths of them (80%) were aware that they should take a slow deep breath while inhaling the drug. Conclusion: The study concluded that patients with respiratory conditions do not always know how to use inhalation devices properly. To improve patient outcomes, medical professionals should instruct patients on how to use inhalation devices on dry powder inhalation with demonstration and re-demonstration from the patients to improve the knowledge and practice of dry powder inhalation for COPD patients.

Inadequately treated postoperative pain can contribute significantly to morbidity of surgical patients, resulting in the delay of patients’ recovery and ability to return to daily functional activities. Early recovery is especially important for a patient who is expected to take care of her newborn shortly after an operative procedure. Evidence from studies done in high income settings has demonstrated that inadequately treated pain after cesarean section is associated with an increased incidence of chronic pain and post-traumatic stress syndrome. Hence the present study was planned for clinical evaluation of pain scores in the caesarean section cases undergoing intraoperative anesthetic management in post anesthesia.
The present study was planned in Department of Anesthesiology .Total 40 cases of the Caesarean sections (CS) undergoing the spinal anesthesia were enrolled in the present study.
The data generated from the present study concludes that patients undergoing CS under RA, the need for rescue analgesia was less compared to patients operated under GA in the initial 30 min in PACU. In addition, patients who were operated under GA and received IV morphine as intraoperative analgesia had better pain scores compared to patients receiving nalbuphine or tramadol. The overall pain management in the PACU was adequate as all patients were given rescue analgesia if they had NRS of >4 and no patient was shifted from PACU with NRS of >4.

Proximal tibia fractures are treated with single medial, lateral, or dual plating, as well as an external fixator in some cases. Locking plates are now widely used, and fixing techniques are continually changing. From LISS, a less intrusive stabilizing system, to L.C.P., a periarticular locking compression plate system, to arthroscopic aided minimally invasive surgery, there is something for everyone. Because it lowers anatomical fracture and improves knee mobility, proximal tibia plating is the treatment of choice for these fractures. We investigated the functional result of plating-treated proximal tibia fractures. All 30 patients were observed for at least 12 months; the patients’ ages ranged from 20 to 70, with the majority being male. The majority of patients28 had a functional result as measured by the knee sounds grading system have excellent results where good results in the remaining two patients. None of the patients had problems such as non-union, hardware failure, or knee discomfort. Because of their intra-articular nature, tibial plateau fractures are difficult for orthopedic surgeons to treat. This fracture will be stopped if it is close to a significant weight-bearing joint. Perfect anatomical restoration of the articular surface, secure fixation, and early range of motion physiotherapy are essential, and depending on the kind of proximal tibia, these can be done with single or dual plating.

Background: The patella is the body’s biggest bone of the sesamoid variety, located in the leg and a part of the knee joint. Because of the increase in accidents, patellar fractures are becoming more common in clinical practice. The present study was done to determine the effect of tension band wiring in treating patella fractures. Methods and Materials: This research was carried out from July 2020 to July 2021. All of the patients had experienced trauma and were treated, monitored, and studied by a predetermined procedure. All patients’ histories were obtained, and local, general, and radiological tests were performed. Patients were temporarily stabilized with plaster caste or slab. Following that, the patient was given fitness after a preoperative evaluation. They were operated on after obtaining fitness. Tension band wiring was done, and an x-ray of the knee confirmed the fracture reduction. Result: After tension band wiring, most of the patients experienced uneventful recovery; none had either malunion or non-union. 4% of the patient had a minor surgical site infection. Conclusion: tension band wiring is a good option for treating fractured patella.

Aim: The article presented a classification system for periocular soft tissue injuries without the involvement of globe, based on observed clinico‑anatomical patterns of eyelid injuries. Methods: This study was carried out at Department of Plastic Surgery from January 2018 to December  2020. A total of 35 eyelid injuries in 30 patients were evaluated in this study. Results: There were 46.66% male and 53.34% females. The most common mechanism of injury in our series was road traffic accident, followed by thermal burns. Uncommon causes included bull horn injury and blouse hook injuries. The age range varied from 7 months to 54 years.  Among post‑traumatic injuries, majority injuries were of Type V (70%). Isolated Type III and Type IV injuries were not seen in our series, whereas isolated Type II injuries were more common among all periocular zones. Conclusion: The Classification seems to be a reliable system to address eyelid injuries. While further multicentric studies are required to assess the usefulness and promote widespread adoption of the system, the simplicity and comprehensiveness make this system particularly appealing. We believe that this classification scheme would guide the ophthalmic and facial reconstructive surgeons to provide optimal outcomes in such injuries.

Aim:  The aim of the present study was to estimate the incidence, nature, severity and treatment outcome trends of acute poisoning in a tertiary care hospital in eastern India. Material & Methods: A prospective study was conducted in the Department of FMT  including 1000 patients admitted to the hospital with a clinical diagnosis of any acute poisoning with drugs or chemicals, snakebite, and scorpion sting were the study participants irrespective of age and sex.  The recruitment period was 24 months. Results: Majority of the poisoned patients were females with 55% and males were 45%. Maximum number of poisoned patients belonged to the age group of 21 to 30 years with 38% and the least age group was 71 to 80 years group with only 0.2%. Majority of the poisoning had been due to organophosphorus with 46% followed by house hold cleaning agents like phenyl, acid with 18% and the least type of poisoning was scorpion bites with 0.20%. Major reason for poisoning was Intentional or suicidal with 72%, followed by accidental with 16%, overdose was the reason in 8% and the least reason was criminal with 4%. Majority of the patients had recovered with 70% and 30% of the poisoned patients died despite best treatment provided which was mostly due to delay in bringing the patients to the hospital and police clearance. Conclusion: Knowledge of the sources of poisoning would be useful for treatment and avoidance. Enhanced public and health providers awareness of regional triggers of poisoning and preventive approaches can significantly minimize acute poisoning morbidity and mortality.

Aim: The aim of the present study was to study the efficacy of amantadine in improving cognitive dysfunction in patients with severe traumatic brain injury. Methods: We conducted a single institution‑based observational study in the Department of Neurosurgery. We obtained informed consent from the legal representative or next of kin/relative for each patient to be enrolled and have their data published. 80 patients were included in the study. The patients who survived severe TBI were observed for 2 months with Full Outline of Unresponsiveness (FOUR) score. Results: The cognitive function improved progressively during the 4‑week treatment interval as shown by significant improvement on FOUR score, DRS, and GOS. The adverse effects included spasticity, agitation, vomiting, rash, restlessness, diarrhea, elevated liver function tests, generalised tonic clonic seizures (GTCS), constipation, focal convulsions, and nausea. Conclusion: Administration of amantadine is safe and associated with rapid cognitive improvement in patients with static or declining cognitive function occurring after severe TBI, which is the foundation for functional independence.

Aim: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of supracostal percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) through the 11th intercostal space and compare it with subcostal PCNL in children with renal calculi. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the electronic medical records of 100 children (65 boys and 35 girls) who underwent PCNL procedures at our center for treatment of renal calculi for the period of one year. Results: The patients who underwent standard PCNL or combined supracostal and subcostal PCNL, 100 patients were analyzed. Of these, 35 and 65 had a supracostal and subcostal access respectively. Stone size and location of stone were comparable in both the groups. Most of the children had stone larger than 2 cm as an indication for PCNL. The preoperative characteristics of the patients, urinary tracts and stones were comparable for both treatment groups. Supracostal tracts were used for treatment of staghorn stones, upper calix stones, mid calix stones and upper ureteral stones causing calculous anuria. There were no major complications (eg intrathoracic complications, adjacent organ injury or bleeding requiring selective angiographic embolization, urgent renal exploration, nephrectomy) following any of the procedures. Conclusion: In conclusion, percutaneous nephrolithotomy for treating renal stones in children provides a high degree of safety and efficacy whether a supracostal or subcostal approach is used.

Aim: The aim of the present study was to demonstrate the role of Diffusion Tensor Imaging in mapping of white matter tracts in relation to brain tumor. Material & Methods: A Descriptive study including 50 patients in the Department of Radiology with intracranial neoplasms in between the duration of 1 year was conducted. Pre‑operative contrast‑enhanced magnetic resonance imaging and DTI scans of the patients were taken into consideration. Pre- and post-operative neurological examinations were performed and the outcome was assessed. Results: The mean age of the patients was 47.3 years (range 23-71 years). In the study most of the patients were in the age group 31 to 40yrs and 51 to 60 years. Among the 50 cases, 38 were men and 12 were women. Among 50 patients, 30 were intra axial lesion and 20 were extra axial lesion. Most of the cases were solid in nature, rest were necrotic, solid and cystic, solid and necrotic and cystic. Majority of the cases were showing mass effect in the form of compression on the ventricular system, effacement of cortical sulci or basal cisterns, midline shift or herniation. White matter pathway involvement was identified in all patients by using anisotropy, color coded DT imaging maps and 3DMR Tractography. Normal white matter pathways demonstrated on DT imaging appeared unaffected in contralateral hemisphere. The WM tracts were color coded in a universal fashion based on their spatial orientation. Conclusion: DTI provides crucial information regarding the infiltration of the tract and their displaced course due to the tumor. This study indicates that it is a very important tool for the preoperative planning of surgery. The involvement of WM tracts is a strong predictor of the surgical outcome.

Aim: The aim of the present study was to assess the frequency of platelet activation and leukocyte infiltration by measuring MPV, NLR, and PLR. Material & Methods: A case-control observational study conducted in the Department of Skin and VD for the duration of 18 months. A total of 50 psoriasis cases and 50 healthy controls were included according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. Study populations are individuals diagnosed with psoriasis. Results: Maximum patients were in between 15-34 years age group 56% in cases and 52% in control group. Age range of the cases and control was 18 to 66 years and 19 to 65 years respectively. The mean age of cases was 35.25±12.48 years and control was 32±14.26 years. Mean±SD value of MPV, NLR and PLR in study cases was 9.95±1.22, 4.36±8.52 and 294.92±86.82 where as in case of control values were 9.48±0.632, 4.56±8.52, 166.24±104.36 respectively. Both the MPV and PLR means are high in case of psoriasis patient. There was significant increase in MPV and PLR in psoriasis patient then healthy control group (p value was <0.05). NLR has not shown any significant difference in psoriasis and control group. The severity of psoriasis patient on the basis of PASI score: 64% patient had moderate to severe psoriasis and 36% had mild psoriasis. MPV is positively correlated with severity of psoriasis. MPV increases when disease severity increased. NLR and PLR had no significant correlation with disease severity. Conclusion: MPV is a strong indicator of psoriasis severity. MPV and PLR should be followed up routinely to take preventive measures against psoriasis-related micro and macro vascular thrombotic complications.

Aim: The aim of the present study was to determine TLC and CRP efficacy in diagnosis of acute appendicitis. Methods: The study was conducted in Department of Surgery. The data was studied for the period of 1 year. A total number of 200 cases were taken diagnosed as acute appendicitis. Results:  62 (31%) were female and 138 (68%) were male. Patient’s age group ranged from 14 years to 59 years. Maximum group of patients belonged to 21-30 years (68 patients i.e., 34%). Group A had inflamed appendix (75%) and the negative appendectomy rate in this study was 25% in Group B. Distribution of cases by histopathology correlation in sex Group A 100 males and 46 females had inflamed appendix. Group B 38 males and 16 females had normal appendix. Among 150 Inflamed appendix cases, CRP was found to be raised in 120 cases and normal in 30 cases. Among 50 normal appendix cases, CRP was found to be raised in 14 cases and normal in 36 cases. Among 150 inflamed appendix cases, TLC was found to be raised in 118 cases and normal in 32 cases. Among 50 normal appendix cases, CRP was found to be raised in 20 cases and normal in 30 cases. Conclusion:  TLC and CRP are useful in diagnosis of acute appendicitis. Appendicitis is common in adult and children. In the present study association of CRP and acute appendicitis has shown to be significant, but it cannot replace surgeon’s clinical acumen.

Aim: The aim of the present study was to assess the prognostic implications of admission hyperglycemia in non-diabetic acute myocardial infarction patients. Methods: The study was conducted on 200 non diabetic STEMI patients admitted at department of General Medicine for the period of one year. There were 100 patients in group I and 100 patients in group II. Results: There was total 127 males and 73 females in the study. Group I had 35 females and 65 males. Group II had 38 females and 62 males. There was no significant difference between the number of males and females in two groups (p= 0.812). The mean age of patients in Group I and Group II were 61.48 ± 11.29 and 64.16 ± 12.38 respectively. There was no significant difference in patients’ mean age in between the groups (p= 0.634). There were total 45 (22.5%) smokers in the study of which 25 were in group I and 20 in group II. There was no significant difference in number of smokers in between the two groups (p= 0.314). There were total of 62 patients with history of alcohol consumption in the study. There was no significant difference in number of patients with history of alcohol consumption between the two groups. The history of hypertension was present in 58 patients out of which 26 patients were in Group I and 32 patients in Group II. There was no statistically significant difference in number of hypertensives between the two groups. Mean heart rate, systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure between the two groups. There was a statistically significant difference in heart rate, SBP and DBP between the two groups. Conclusion: Therefore, hyperglycemia has different effects on the prognosis of patients with diabetes or undiagnosed diabetes. Hyperglycemia is more predictive of adverse events in patients with undiagnosed diabetes compared to those with diagnosed diabetes. Although the pathophysiological mechanism underlying this phenomenon is unknown, there are several explanations. Some undiagnosed diabetic patients, especially those with severe hyperglycemia, may be at high risk because they have never been treated for diabetes.

Aim: The aim of the present study was to assess the efficacy of autologous PRP injection and to compare it with corticosteroid injection in treatment of plantar fasciitis (PF). Methods: The study was conducted in the Department of Orthopaedics for the period of 2 years. 120 patients were included in the study and divided into two groups. Group I (60 patients) received PRP injection and group II (60 patients) were given steroid injection. Results: A total of 120 patients were analyzed in this study ranging from 21 to 65 years of age. In both groups, females outnumbered males, right sided involvement was more than the left side. The average duration of symptoms at the time of presentation was observed to be 22.18±12.48 and 19.5±15.45 in group A and group B respectively. The clinical improvement in chronic plantar fasciitis in this study was evaluated by comparing the values of functional outcome indices at 6th month follow-up with the baseline values recorded prior to administration of injection. The patients showed a statistically significant improvement in both groups with respect to AOFAS Score, VAS scores and plantar fascia thickness and this improvement was significantly more in Group A (PRP). Both the groups do not differ significantly at baseline and posttreatment at 6 months (p > 0.05). Conclusion: This study concluded that both PRP and corticosteroid (methyl prednisolone) injections provide symptomatic relief in the treatment of chronic plantar fasciitis. Though the corticosteroid (methyl prednisolone) injection was effective for immediate pain relief, PRP injections are more effective than corticosteroid (methyl prednisolone) injections on long term basis.

Aim: The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between cord blood gas analysis and neonatal outcome. Methods: A prospective hospital-based observational study was conducted at the Department of Pediatrics for the duration of 12 months. A total of 100 term neonates were delivered at our hospital to mothers who experienced a prolonged second stage of labour, foetal heart rate deceleration or acceleration, an emergency caesarean section for foetal or maternal problems, and placental insufficiency were all included. Results: In the present study, 66% were male neonates and 34% were female neonates. 2840.8±432 was the mean body weight of neonates. 60% were delivered vaginally, followed by instrumental labour. 100 babies were included in the study; among them, 45 babies had pH <7.25, and 55 babies had pH >7.25. Out of 100 babies, 15 babies needed resuscitation, 8 needed for NICU admission and 4 had convulsions. Conclusion:  When compared to those with pH >7.25, high-risk term babies with cord pH <7.25 have an increased need for resuscitation, NICU admission, and delay in achieving full feeds. In this study, there is no statistical correlation between cord blood pH and the incidence of convulsions and encephalopathy in term high-risk newborns. When comparing high-risk newborns to other babies, the median cord blood pH is significantly lower in those who required resuscitation, NICU admission, or had a delay in achieving full feeds. All high-risk newborns should have their cord blood pH measured.

Aim: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the circulatory levels of Hs-CRP in patients of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and compare them with clinically healthy controls. Material & Methods: The study included 100 NAFLD patients and 100 clinically healthy controls. This study was carried out at. The study information was given to all the study participants and their written consent was collected. Results: The lipid profile variables like TG and LDL were high patients than controls. The present study observed a significant increase anthropometric parameters and lipid parameters in patients than controls. The inflammatory marker C-reactive protein levels increased in NASH group than NAFLD. Conclusion: The present study concluded that Hs-CRP can be considered as an important marker of inflammatory status in NAFLD and NASH.

Aim: The aim of the present study was to assess the level of serum magnesium in diagnosed Type II diabetics without microvascular and macrovascular complications and correlate with glycemic status. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Biochemistry. The data was collected for finding out correlation between the glycemic index and serum magnesium was analysed and the results were obtained. The estimated sample size was 55. The sampling type was purposive sample. Results: 34 (64%) were in the age group of 41–60 years, 13 (20%) were in age group of 19–40 years, whereas 8 (16%) were between 61 and 80 years. 34 (64%) were male and 21 (36%) were female. Thus, there was male preponderance. 26(48%) were diabetic since 11–20 years, 15 (30%) were diabetic since 0–10 years, 8 (16%) were diabetic since 21–30 years, while 6 (6%) were diabetic since >30 years. Laboratory reports revealed that there was significant difference in mean total leukocyte count, Serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), serum glutamic‑ oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), K+, Randon blood sugar (RBS), and HbA1c between hypomagnesemia patients compared to normomagnesemia patients (P < 0.05) There was no significant difference in other laboratory values between the two groups. The prevalence of hypomagnesemia in patient with HbA1c <7% was 20% as compared to that of normomagnesemia (60%), while the prevalence of hypomagnesemia in patient with HbA1c >7% was 80% as compared to that of normomagnesemia (40%). This difference of S. Mg level in relation to HbA1c was statistically highly significant. Conclusion: The study concluded that that low S. Mg level in type 2 diabetes patients may be associated with higher HbA1c level, higher incidence of retinopathy and nephropathy. Routine monitoring and correcting S. Mg levels in type 2 diabetes patients may help in better control of HbA1c and delaying progression to retinopathy and nephropathy.

Aim: The study was planned in the department of forensic medicine, to analyse and evaluate in detail, pattern of head injury and skull fractures in victims of road traffic accidents undergoing autopsy. Material & Methods: The present study was conducted in the department of Forensic medicine and Toxicology and it included assessment of consecutive 100 victims using non-probability purposive sampling who died in road traffic accidents and underwent post-mortem examination in department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology. Results: Highest incidence of 44% cases was noticed in age group of 21 to 30 years. On considering sex profile 15% cases were those of females and 85% was that of male. In road traffic accidents when data was analyzed among the type of road users, two wheeler motor vehicle occupants were maximum, which accounted for 60% cases, 35% were pedestrians, 3% were four wheeler and 2% were other types of road users like bicycle riders. Most common injuries were noticed was laceration in 52% cases followed by abrasion in 34% cases. On considering types of fracture sustained to skull most common being fissured in 48% cases followed by comminuted fracture in 36% cases. Meningeal involvement commonly is subdural haemorrhage that was in 64% cases, subarachnoid haemorrhage was seen in 58% cases. On considering injuries to brain contusion was commonly noticed in 20% cases, followed by laceration and contusion. Parietal lobe of brain is commonly involved followed by frontal bone. Cause of death was shock and haemorrhage is most cases followed by coma, then there are other causes which includes instantaneous, respiratory failure, cerebral oedema, infection, brain stem dysfunction. Conclusion: Head injury due to RTA is a recognized public health problem causing death and disability. It is required from concerned government authority to take appropriate and immediate measures for reducing the incidence of head injury. At the same time, people should be educated for taking good preventive actions to avoid head injury.

Background: Tryptophan is converted into the hormone melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) by the pineal gland in the brain. Supplements containing synthetic melatonin have been utilized for several medical ailments, most prominently sleep disturbances. When taken as a premedication to reduce anxiety and sedate patients before surgery, it has been shown to be effective and have a good cognitive profile. Material and Method: Four groups were assigned to the patients. Nothing was given to Group 1 (control) as premedication. One 5 mg melatonin capsule was given to Group 2 (melatonin) at bedtime and an additional 5 mg capsule was given 90 minutes before to surgery. One 7.5 mg pill of midazolam was given to Group 3 at bedtime, and another 7.5 mg was given 90 minutes before to surgery. Group 4 was given one tablet containing 100 μg at bedtime and an additional 100 μg 90 minutes prior to surgery. Result: The melatonin group differed significantly compared with all groups, having less number of patients developed delirium. The total number of patients prescribed postoperative melatonin for treatment of delirium was 62 patients. Treatment was successful in 36 (58.06%) with no significant group differences. Conclusion: Testing various preoperative sedatives demonstrated the role that sedative drug sharing plays in the delirium issue. Melatonin significantly reduced the incidence of postoperative delirium, but midazolam and clonidine induced an insignificantly greater incidence of delirium.

The cellular physiology of Escherichia coli undergoes significant alterations when oxidative phosphorylation is impaired due to defects in the F1-ATPase enzyme. This work examines the physiological and metabolic alterations in the F1-ATPase-deficient mutant HBA-1 in contrast to the wild-type strain W1485. To maintain the same growth rates, both strains were cultivated in a chemostat that was glucose limited. In comparison to the parent strain, the mutant showed a 60% reduction in biomass production and noticeably raised specific rates of respiration (170%) and glucose consumption (169%). The mutant’s improved glucose metabolism resulted in a rise in glycolytic flux but only an 18% elevation in TCA cycle activity, mostly because of excretion of acetate. The results of transcriptome analysis showed that gene expression had changed somewhat, with respiratory chain components being upregulated and TCA cycle enzymes being significantly downregulated. These results were supported by enzyme activity assays, which revealed lower TCA cycle enzyme activities and elevated pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and acetate kinase activities. Along with increased respiration rates, the mutant also showed elevated activities of terminal oxidases and NADH dehydrogenases, including NDH-2 and cytochrome bd oxidase. Structural mutations in the F1-ATPase subunits, such as Gly-48 to Asp in the epsilon subunit, inhibited ATPase activity and disrupted ATP-dependent proton translocation. These findings highlight the extensive physiological changes resulting from F1-ATPase defects, emphasizing the enzyme’s critical role in cellular energy metabolism and its potential as a target for antibacterial strategies. This study provides comprehensive insights into the adaptive metabolic strategies of E. coli under conditions of impaired oxidative phosphorylation, revealing a complex interplay between metabolic fluxes, gene expression, and enzyme activities.

Aim: The aim of the present study was to determine the maternal mortality at tertiary care Hospital in Bihar region. Methods: The present study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Mata Gujri Memorial Medical College & Lions Seva Kendra Hospital, Kishanganj, Bihar, India. IPD case records of maternal deaths were studied in detail. A total of 20 maternal deaths were analysed using percentage. Results: In the present study, maximum number of deaths were in the age group <29 years of 40% maternal deaths were in 19-24 years age, and 28% in 25-29 years age group. All mothers belonged to lower socio-economic status. 85% of the women were illiterate and 10% had primary education. In the present study, maximum (85%) women were from rural areas. Out of 20 deaths, 14 mothers (70%) were Multigravidas and 30% were primigravidas. 85% mothers had not taken any antenatal check-ups and were unbooked cases. 85% deaths occurred in post-partum period. Out of 20 maternal deaths, 9 women (45%) died within 6 hours of admission and 5 women (25%) died between 7-12 hours. Direct causes contributed to 65% of maternal deaths of which 35% were due to Hemorrhage, 15% eclampsia, sepsis and pulmonary embolism attributed to 10% and 5% respectively. Amongst 35% of indirect causes of maternal death, heart disease, anaemia and cerebrovascular accident (CVA) were noted. Jaundice and ARDS accounted to 5% each. Conclusion: Most of the maternal deaths were preventable by optimal antenatal, intranatal and perinatal care. Most effective intervention to reduce pregnancy related mortality is education of family planning methods and safe abortion methods, increasing the number of skilled birth attendants, reducing home births and improving emergency obstetric care (EOC).

Aim: The aim of the present study was to assess the awareness about National Tuberculosis Programmes and Antitubercular drugs among final year MBBS students. Methods: A questionnaire-based study was performed among 100 final year MBBS students in the Department of TB and Chest, Lord Buddha Koshi Medical College and Hospital, Saharsa, Bihar, India. Results: Most of the participants were aware about the most common symptom of Pulmonary TB, first line antitubercular drugs, common side effects, and that TB is a notifiable disease. Regarding questions on newer drugs, 62% of the participants were aware about the new drug Bedaquiline but only 26% responded correctly regarding the properties of Delamanid. In case of TB- HIV co-infection, 52% were aware that Rifampicin is replaced by Rifabutin and 28% were aware about Cotrimoxazole prophylaxis to reduce morbidity. Question on Nikshay portal was answered by 89% of the participants. 85% were aware about sputum collection for AFB testing and 95% were aware about facilities provided at DOTS centre under RNTCP. Out of which, 52% were aware of the aim of NTEP, 14% were aware about new guidelines regarding the use of streptomycin, 20% were aware about the categorisation of TB treatment under NTEP, 34% were aware about the modification in INH prophylaxis guidelines for contacts. Conclusion: It can be concluded by the present study that majority of the participants were aware about the basics of tuberculosis symptoms, diagnosis and first line drugs. Most participants are aware of the Launching of NTEP programme, but they need further updating sessions.