Objective: The present study is performed to study the effect of Sudarshan kriya yoga and physical exercise on fasting blood sugar and perceived stress level in prediabetic subjects. Material and Methods: One hundred prediabetic subjects were enrolled in this study at Department of Physiology, S.P. Medical College, Bikaner, with informed consent. They were divided into two groups SKY and PE, having 50 subjects in each group. Then they were undergone the prescribed interventions regularly for the duration of three months. Fasting blood sugar and perceived stress level were measured at baseline and after 3 months of SKY and PE interventions. Results: SKY intervention resulted in statistically highly significant decrease in FBS and PSS (p<0.001) after 3 months of regular practices in the study subjects. PE intervention also caused statistically highly significant decrease in FBS and PSS (p<0.001) after 3 months of regular brisk walking practices in the study participants. Conclusion: SKY and PE interventions are found to statistically significant decrease in FBS and PSS in study participants. Application of SKY and PE in early course of development of DM2 may be helpful to prevent development of these clinical cases. The underlying mechanism to decrease FBS and PSS in the study participants, may be by increased parasympathetic activity along with decreased sympathetic activity.

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.

Epithelioid sarcoma is a very rare aggressive soft tissue neoplasm comprising less than 1% of all vulval neoplasms. Median age of presentation is usually 34 years almost similar to our case. It is characterized tumor cells having typical epithelioid morphology. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry (IHC) are essential in making a final diagnosis. SMARCB1 is presently helpful for making an accurate diagnosis for adequate management. Herein we present a very rare case of epithelioid sarcoma of vulva in a 27-year-old patient.

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.

Background: The thyroid gland, a key endocrine organ, produces hormones like thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), and calcitonin. Thyroid disorders, prevalent worldwide, vary by age, sex, diet, environment, and geography. Commonly encountered in hospitals, these disorders include developmental, inflammatory, hyperplastic, and neoplastic lesions, with goiter being a significant global health issue. Most thyroid enlargements are non-neoplastic, with only 5-10% being malignant. Distinguishing between benign and malignant nodules based solely on clinical features is challenging, making Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) crucial for accurate diagnosis. Results: This study included 70 cases with ages ranging from 16 to 68 years, averaging 41.9 years. Of these, 70.0% were under 50 years old. The gender distribution was predominantly female (85.7%). Lesion distribution showed diffuse lesions as the most common type, primarily affecting females. Cytological examination revealed goitre as the most frequent finding, followed by benign thyroid disease and thyroiditis. Histopathological correlation showed thyroid adenoma as the most prevalent diagnosis. The majority of cases (90.0%) fell into Bethesda Category II (benign). The study found a strong correlation between cytological and histological diagnoses, with 97.8% accuracy for non-neoplastic lesions and 100% accuracy for neoplastic lesions. Statistical analysis showed a sensitivity of 85.7%, specificity of 100%, PPV of 100%, and NPV of 97.7%. Conclusion: Cytological and histological evaluations are highlighted as essential tools in distinguishing between benign and malignant lesions. While the study acknowledges limitations such as a small sample size and single-institution design, its comprehensive data collection and analysis provide a strong foundation for understanding thyroid cases.

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.

Background: Neonatal sepsis is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in newborns, particularly in low-resource settings. Early and accurate diagnosis is crucial for improving outcomes, but clinical signs are often non-specific. Platelet count and platelet indices, such as mean platelet volume (MPV) and platelet distribution width (PDW), have been suggested as potential biomarkers for neonatal sepsis. Aim and Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the role of platelet count and platelet indices (MPV and PDW) as diagnostic markers in neonatal sepsis. Materials and Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted in the NICU of a tertiary care hospital in South India. The study included 50 neonates with clinical features of sepsis. Platelet count, MPV, and PDW were measured and compared between sepsis cases and a control group of non-septic neonates. Statistical analysis was performed to assess the significance of differences in these parameters between the two groups. Results: The study found that neonates with confirmed sepsis had significantly lower platelet counts and higher MPV and PDW compared to the control group (p<0.05). Thrombocytopenia was observed in 66% of the sepsis cases. MPV was elevated in 62% of sepsis cases, and PDW was increased in 68% of cases. These findings suggest a strong association between altered platelet indices and the incidence of neonatal sepsis. Conclusion: Platelet count and platelet indices, particularly MPV and PDW, are significant predictors of neonatal sepsis and can be valuable diagnostic tools in NICU settings. Their routine assessment may facilitate earlier diagnosis and targeted treatment, especially in resource-limited settings.

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.

Sleep is essential for maintaining cognitive function, emotional stability, and physical health. However, poor sleep, characterized by insufficient duration, poor quality, or chronic sleep deprivation, has become increasingly prevalent and is associated with significant negative health outcomes. This systematic review aims to summarize and evaluate current evidence on the impact of poor sleep across cognitive, emotional, and physical domains. A comprehensive search of peer-reviewed studies published between 2000 and 2023 was conducted, including randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, and cross-sectional studies. A total of 45 studies met the inclusion criteria, revealing consistent associations between poor sleep and impaired cognitive performance, including memory deficits, reduced attention span, and impaired decision-making. Poor sleep also increases the risk of mood disorders such as anxiety and depression, while exacerbating existing mental health conditions. Additionally, chronic sleep deprivation is strongly linked to an increased risk of developing chronic physical health conditions, including cardiovascular disease, obesity, diabetes, and weakened immune function. This review highlights the critical role of sleep in overall health and emphasizes the need for public health initiatives aimed at improving sleep hygiene and addressing the growing epidemic of sleep deprivation. Effective interventions to improve sleep could have far-reaching benefits for both mental and physical health outcomes.

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.

Background: Eclampsia is a severe complication of pregnancy characterized by the onset of seizures in a woman with pre-existing preeclampsia. This condition, though relatively rare. The purpose of our study is to analyse trend of eclampsia and its fetomaternal outcome. Methods: A prospective observational Study of Clinical Profile and Fetomaternal Outcome of Eclamsia patients over a period of 1 year from January 2023 to December 2023 at department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, cu shah medical college and hospital, surendranagar, Gujarat. Women presented with eclampsia or new episode eclampsia during hospital stay were included in our study. Its included maternal, fetal parameters and outcome of pregnancy. Results: The antepartum eclampsia incidence was (32.37%). High risk factors were is primigravida (65.92%), low maternal age (21-30 years), inadequate antenatal care and illiteracy. In most of cases Caesarean section was the mode of delivery in 34 cases (77.27%) and the most common indication was unfavourable cervix(47%), 79.54% women had antepartum eclampsia and out of this 68.18% women had severe preeclampsia. There was 2.2% maternal mortality, attributed to acute renal failure and pulmonary edema. Perinatal mortality was 13.63% with 1 still births and 2 neonatal deaths. Prematurity complicated 15.9% pregnancies. 15 neonates were admitted to NICU. Conclusions: Inadequate prenatal care, low socioeconomic level, and inadequate education all contribute to eclampsia, which is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality of mothers and fetuses and neonatals. We can conclude that improved prenatal care, early disease detection, prompt referrals, and early treatment initiation of eclamptic patients all contribute to better outcomes. ICU for mothers, NICU for neonates and multidisciplinary units at tertiary care centers help in improving Maternal and perinatal outcome.

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.

Background: Cranial capacity, like other body dimensions, is influenced by geography, race, gender, and age. This study aims to explore the gender differences in cranial capacities in human skulls from the North Indian region. The primary objective is to measure cranial capacities and assess sexual dimorphism, which may assist in determining the sex of an individual from skeletal remains. Methods: It was made sure that all the skulls were intact and undamaged and included after sex determination based on the anatomical features. Skulls with the ambiguity of sex or those with damage were excluded from the study. The direct measurement of cranial capacity was done by sealing skull foramina with clay to prevent seed spillage. The Cranial cavities were filled with mustard seeds through the foramen magnum. The seeds were added gradually while shaking the skull to ensure full coverage. The seeds were then poured into a glass jar and transferred to a 1000 cc glass cylinder, where the volume was measured. Results: The important findings of this study regarding the skull dimensions showed that the mean length of male skulls was Male: 168.5 ± 7.8 mm and females: 161.2 ± 9.2 mm. The cranial volume in male skulls was 1324.19 ± 35.29 cc versus in Female skulls was 1167.32 ± 50.63 cc There were clear differences in skull dimensions between males and females, with males generally having longer skulls and larger cranial capacities. Within each sex group, there is considerable variation in skull dimensions, highlighting individual differences. Most skulls in both groups fall within the mesocephalic range, indicating a typical skull size. However, a smaller percentage of individuals exhibit microcephaly or megacephaly. Conclusion: Within the limitations of the current study, we found there is a statistically significant difference in cranial capacity between male and female skulls, with males generally having larger cranial volumes. Within each sex group, there is a considerable amount of variation in cranial capacity, indicating individual differences.

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.

Aim: The aim of the present investigation was to assess the diagnostic accuracy of FNAC, on parotid gland swellings, in order to determine its usefulness in the planning of parotid gland surgery. Methods: The Pathology Department performed this 2-year investigation with 50 patients. All patients had US-guided FNAC after clinical assessment. Only Institute-performed FNAC was examined for uniform and comparable data. A computerized database stored demographic and clinical data, including age, sex, prior surgery, timing of symptoms, cytological and histological findings, lesion location and volume, histological sample margin involvement, and relapses. Results: FNAC was taken in 50 instances. FNAC indicated “non-diagnostic” in 12 (24%), “inflammatory/beneficial lesion” in 33 (66%), and “malignant neoplasm” in 5 (10%). Pleomorphic adenoma was found in 22 individuals (55%) and Warthin’s tumor in 20 (20%). Adenocarcinoma (5%) and Mucoepidermoid carcinoma (2.50%) were the most frequent cancers. The most prevalent histological diagnosis was “benign lesion” in 35 individuals. FNAC has 82% sensitivity and 98% specificity. Overall diagnosis accuracy was 97%, with 96% accuracy for malignancy and 82% for benign lesions. FNAC malignancies PPV and NPV were 92% and 97%, respectively. The probability ratio of positive test findings was 100.3 and negative test results was 0.17, where “positive” indicated “malignant”. 0.112 percent had cancer. Conclusion: Our research demonstrates that preoperative FNAC aids parotid tumor diagnosis. It diagnoses and treats parotid cancers safely and effectively. Fine needle aspiration cytology is safe, cost-effective, and simple.

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.

Background: Ocular allergies can affect various parts of the ocular surface, including the eyelids, lid margins, conjunctiva, and lacrimal system. The condition can range from mild to severe, potentially impacting quality of life and visual function. This study was done to determine the efficacy of Antihistamines Cyclosporine and Tacrolimus in Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis in the Tertiary Eye Care Centre. Methods: This cross-sectional study was done in the Department of Ophthalmology, Sarojini Devi Eye Hospital, Hyderabad. After receiving informed consent from the participants, or from their parents or legal guardians, patients with Vernal Kerato-conjunctivitis who were visiting our hospital’s ophthalmology outpatient department were evaluated for inclusion and exclusion criteria and included in the study. Each patient underwent a thorough ocular examination. Vernal keratoconjunctivitis symptoms and signs were assessed. Results: 60 patients were divided equally into three groups with 20 cases each. Significant improvement in redness was observed after 7 days of treatment in all groups. Cyclosporine showed the most significant reduction in symptoms, including itching, discharge, and photophobia, across follow-ups, with p-values less than 0.05. Olopatadine and tacrolimus also improved itching, redness, and photophobia, though cyclosporine was superior for discharge reduction. Tacrolimus was less effective in controlling discharge but effective for H.T.S and PGTn. Cyclosporine showed consistent improvement in all signs, making it the most effective treatment. Conclusion: Within the limitations of the current study, we found Olopatadine 0.1% eye drops had faster onset of action observable at 1 week. The maximum effect was seen by the end of 4 weeks, after this the effect seem to plateau off. Cyclosporine 0.05%, Tacrolimus 0.03% eye ointment had a maximum effect by the end of 3 months. The analysis of total showed that olopatadine has a faster onset of action demonstrated by lower scores in the first 2 weeks, later three drugs olopatadine, cyclosporine and tacrolimus had a similar efficacy.

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.

Objective: Gestational Trophoblastic Disease (GTD) is a rare tumor originating from the placenta’s trophoblasts. It is a rare condition, seen complicating pregnancy, one of which is Hydatiform Mole or Molar Pregnancy. Case: A 20-year-old female, primigravida, presented with 4 months of amenorrhea with complaints of abdominal pain and spotting per vaginum for 1 month. On examination, she showed severe pallor with tachycardia and hypotension. On per abdomen examination, the uterus was palpable up to the level of the umbilicus, along with spotting on per speculum examination. Ultrasonography was suggestive of, complete molar pregnancy, with a snowstorm appearance of mixed echogenicities within the uterine cavity. Her Urine Pregnancy Test was positive with a BhCG level, of more than 150000. Her complete blood count was suggestive of Hemoglobin – 5.8 gm/dL, WBC – 8700 per cubic mm and Platelets – 386000. Her total bilirubin was 1.3 mg/dL. Chest X-ray was clear. Serum TSH was < 0.01. The patient was taken for Suction and Evacuation under Total Intravenous Anesthesia (TIVA). She was monitored carefully in the post-operative period and discharged on full recovery. Discussion: Molar pregnancy is an extensively studied condition and has been found to be associated with patients with a previous history of molar pregnancy or advanced maternal age. Typical symptoms of molar pregnancy should alert the medical personnel even in low-risk patients. Conclusion: The general understanding of the natural history and management of molar pregnancy has advanced considerably in recent years. The key role in obtaining a high cure rate becomes an early diagnosis and the subsequent vigilant follow-up.

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.

Background: Hypothyroidism is a common condition and harmful effects are caused on cardiovascular system both by overt and subclinical hypothyroidism. This is caused by several mechanisms which cause increased risks of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. A number of inflammatory biomarkers in circulation are related with increased risk of acute coronary syndrome. This study was done to compare the status of inflammatory markers like secretory phospholipase A2 group 2A (PLA2G2A) and Adiponectin (ADP) in hypothyroidism. Objectives: This study was done to identify the possible relationship between hormone treatment and the risk of atherosclerosis in hypothyroid patients and to explore the status of inflammation with respect to PLA2G2A and ADP in hypothyroid patients. Setting and Design: This study was done as a cross-sectional study in 60 hypothyroid patients attending General medicine / Endocrinology OPD in PSG hospitals. Material and Methods: Blood samples were taken from hypothyroid patients and analysed for PLA2G2A and ADP using ELISA kit. Statistical Analysis: SPSS version 19 used for statistical analysis. Independent sample t test and ANOVA used and results were expressed in mean ± standard deviation. Results: In this study we observed that when the duration of the disease increased, there was a rise in PLA2G2A and fall in ADP with no statistical significance. Then thyroxine dose was compared with these markers and the mean value of PLA2G2A was high in patients with low dose thyroxine (8.79 ±3.98) followed by high dose thyroxine (8.08± 4.28) and then by patients not on drug (7.12 ± 4.22). Also, ADP value was high in patients with high dose thyroxine (4.72±3.24) compared to low dose thyroxine (3.64±1.97) and patients not on thyroxine group (3.65±1.98). Conclusion: This study revealed that when the duration of hypothyroidism increased, there was a rise in level of PLA2G2A and fall in level of ADP suggesting a relationship between hypothyroidism and chronic inflammation. Patients on inadequate dose of thyroxine had higher chance of developing atherosclerosis than compared to patients on adequate or higher dose of thyroxine explaining the need for adequate dose as prescribed in the patient diagnosed with hypothyroidism as replacement therapy based on their body weight.

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.